Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanomaterials have been widely used in various fields such as energy store and transformation, environment protection, and biomedicine due to their unique physicochemical properties. Unfortunately, such large-scale production and use of MoS₂ nanomaterials would inevitably release into the environmental system and then potentially increase the risks of wildlife/ecosystem and human beings as well. In this review, we first introduce the physicochemichemical properties, synthetic methods and environmental behaviors of MoS₂ nanomaterials and their typical functionalized materials, then summarize their environmental and biomedical applications, next assess their potential health risks, covering in vivo and in vitro studies, along with the underlying toxicological mechanisms, and last point out some special phenomena about the balance between applications and potential risks. This review aims to provide guidance for harm predication induced by MoS₂ nanomaterials and to suggest prevention measures based on the recent research progress of MoS₂' applications and exerting toxicological data.

二硫化钼（MoS ₂）纳米材料因其独特的理化特性而被广泛用于各种领域，例如储能和转化，环境保护和生物医学。不幸的是，MoS ₂纳米材料的这种大规模生产和使用将不可避免地释放到环境系统中，然后潜在地增加野生生物/生态系统和人类的风险。在本综述中，我们首先介绍MoS ₂纳米材料及其典型功能材料的理化性质，合成方法和环境行为，然后概述其环境和生物医学应用，然后评估其潜在的健康风险，涵盖体内和体内。体外研究以及潜在的毒理学机制，最后指出了一些有关应用与潜在风险之间平衡的特殊现象。这篇综述旨在为由MoS ₂纳米材料引起的伤害预测提供指导，并基于MoS ₂的应用的最新研究进展并利用毒理学数据，提出预防措施。