Many countries are limiting the use of bisphenol A (BPA) because evidence shows it is dangerous to human health and wildlife. For the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastics, bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) are proposed as safer alternatives. They have already been released into the aquatic environment without previously available information about their potential adverse effects. In this study, we compared the effects of BPA, BPS and BPF exposure to the expression profile of genes involved in the endocrine pathway (EcR and E74), ecdysone metabolism (Cyp18a1 and Shadow), apoptosis (DRONC) and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 gene (MRP1) in the midge, Chironomus riparius (Diptera). The three toxicants increased Shadow expression, which is involved in ecdysone synthesis, but only BPF significantly altered Cyp18a1, which is implicated in ecdysone degradation. BPS and BPF modified EcR and E74 expression; BPF upregulated the effector caspase DRONC. Furthermore, BPA significantly increased MRP1 expression. This study provides insights into the action of bisphenols at the molecular level and highlights the potential risks of BPS and BPF as BPA alternatives.

许多国家限制使用双酚A（BPA），因为有证据表明双酚A对人类健康和野生生物具有危险。为了制造聚碳酸酯塑料，建议使用双酚S（BPS）和双酚F（BPF）作为更安全的替代品。它们已经被释放到水生环境中，而没有有关其潜在不利影响的先前可用信息。在这项研究中，我们比较了BPA，BPS和BPF暴露于参与内分泌途径（基因的表达谱的影响的EcR和E74），蜕皮激素代谢（Cyp18a1和阴影），细胞凋亡（DRONC）和多药耐药相关蚊中的蛋白1基因（MRP1），Chironomus riparius（双翅目）。这三种有毒物质增加了蜕皮激素合成中涉及的Shadow表达，但只有BPF显着改变了Cyp18a1，这与蜕皮激素的降解有关。BPS和BPF修饰EcR和E74表达；BPF上调效应子caspase DRONC。此外，BPA显着增加了MRP1表达。这项研究提供了双酚在分子水平上的作用的见解，并突出了BPS和BPF作为BPA替代品的潜在风险。