Abstract Carbon-based catalysis for green and sustainable degradation of phenol in water and soil has attracted extensive concern. In this study, mesoporous biochar produced by bagasse calcination with KOH and CaCl2 modified activation (Ca/BS-800-KOH) was used to stimulate persulfate (PS) for the surface oxidation degradation of phenol, which exhibited excellent removal rate of 90% in 60 min (k = 0.0404 min−1) with a relatively low dosage (0.066 g/L). Compared with untreated materials (BS-800, 27% removal rate in 180 min), after KOH and CaCl2 treatment, the functional groups (C OH), increased porosity, defective structure and the more efficient electron transfer of Ca/BS-800-KOH were probably responsible for its good adsorptive and catalytic performance, which also closely related to the inactivation of Ca/BS-800-KOH. In the (Ca/BS-800-KOH)/PS/phenol system, PS was successfully activated in the presence of catalyst, and radical and non-radical reaction pathways were firstly found, in which the non-radical pathway like 1O2 accelerated quickly the oxidative degradation of phenol. While in radical pathway involving SO4·− and ·OH, ·OH was the main oxidative species and also played an irreplaceable role in the degradation of phenol. The Ca/BS-800-KOH as a medium promotes the electron transfer between phenol (electron donor) and PS (electron acceptor), in which Ca accelerates the electron transfer rate on the surface of Ca/BS-800-KOH, thereby causing oxidative degradation of phenol. The superior removal efficiencies of common environmental pollutants (all more than 93%) and phenol in water (100%) and soil samples were found. This research proposed an insightful mechanism of the low cost and feasible carbon-material-based PS-AOPs in degrading organic pollutants.

中文翻译：

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改性甘蔗渣生物炭增强过硫酸盐表面活化过程降解水和土壤中的苯酚：活性位点和电子转移机制

摘要 碳基催化绿色可持续降解水和土壤中的苯酚已引起广泛关注。在这项研究中，通过甘蔗渣煅烧与 KOH 和 CaCl2 改性活化 (Ca/BS-800-KOH) 制备的介孔生物炭用于刺激过硫酸盐 (PS) 对苯酚进行表面氧化降解，其去除率高达 90%。 60 分钟（k = 0.0404 min-1），剂量相对较低（0.066 g/L）。与未经处理的材料（BS-800，180 min 去除率为 27%）相比，KOH 和 CaCl2 处理后，官能团（C OH）、孔隙率增加、结构缺陷和 Ca/BS-800- 的电子转移效率更高KOH 可能是其良好的吸附和催化性能的原因，这也与 Ca/BS-800-KOH 的失活密切相关。在(Ca/BS-800-KOH)/PS/苯酚体系中，PS在催化剂存在下成功活化，首次发现自由基和非自由基反应途径，其中1O2等非自由基途径加速较快苯酚的氧化降解。而在涉及SO4·-和·OH的自由基途径中，·OH是主要的氧化物质，对苯酚的降解也起着不可替代的作用。Ca/BS-800-KOH作为介质促进苯酚（电子供体）和PS（电子受体）之间的电子转移，其中Ca加速Ca/BS-800-KOH表面的电子转移速率，从而引起苯酚的氧化降解。发现了对常见环境污染物（均超过 93%）和水中苯酚（100%）和土壤样品的卓越去除效率。