Lithium batteries with Si, Al or Bi microsized (>10 µm) particle anodes promise a high capacity, ease of production, low cost and low environmental impact, yet they suffer from fast degradation and a low Coulombic efficiency. Here we demonstrate that a rationally designed electrolyte (2.0 M LiPF₆ in 1:1 v/v mixture of tetrahydrofuran and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran) enables 100 cycles of full cells that contain microsized Si, Al and Bi anodes with commercial LiFePO₄ and LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ cathodes. Alloy anodes with areal capacities of more than 2.5 mAh cm⁻² achieved >300 cycles with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of >90% and average Coulombic efficiency of >99.9%. These improvements are facilitated by the formation of a high-modulus LiF–organic bilayer interphase, in which LiF possesses a high interfacial energy with the alloy anode to accommodate plastic deformation of the lithiated alloy during cycling. This work provides a simple yet practical solution to current battery technology without any binder modification or special fabrication methods.

具有Si，Al或Bi微米（> 10 µm）微粒阳极的锂电池具有高容量，易于生产，低成本和低环境影响的优点，但它们具有快速降解和低库仑效率的缺点。在这里，我们证明了合理设计的电解质（在四氢呋喃和2-甲基四氢呋喃的1：1 v / v混合物中为2.0 M LiPF ₆）可以使100个充满微型电池的Si，Al和Bi阳极的完整电池循环，并带有商用LiFePO ₄和LiNi _0.8 Co _0.15 Al _0.05 O ₂阴极。面积大于2.5 mAh cm ^-2的合金阳极达到了> 300个循环，初始库仑效率> 90％，平均库仑效率> 99.9％。通过形成高模量的LiF-有机双层界面，可以促进这些改进，其中LiF与合金阳极具有很高的界面能，以适应锂合金在循环过程中的塑性变形。这项工作为当前的电池技术提供了一种简单而实用的解决方案，无需任何粘合剂的修改或特殊的制造方法。