Biotransformation of phytoestrogens from soy in enzymatically characterized liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes of Atlantic salmon.,Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Biotransformation of phytoestrogens from soy in enzymatically characterized liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes of Atlantic salmon.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ( IF 6.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-12 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110611
Amritha Johny ₁ , Lada Ivanova ₁ , Tone-Kari Knutsdatter Østbye ₂ , Christiane Kruse Fæste ₁

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Efficient aquaculture is depending on sustainable protein sources. The shortage in marine raw materials has initiated a shift to "green aquafeeds" based on staple ingredients such as soy and wheat. Plant-based diets entail new challenges regarding fish health, product quality and consumer risks due to the possible presence of chemical contaminants, natural toxins and bioactive compounds like phytoestrogens. Daidzein (DAI), genistein (GEN) and glycitein (GLY) are major soy isoflavones with considerable estrogenic activities, potentially interfering with the piscine endocrine system and affecting consumers after carry-over. In this context, information on isoflavone biotransformation in fish is crucial for risk evaluation. We have therefore isolated hepatic fractions of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), the most important species in Norwegian aquaculture, and used them to study isoflavone elimination and metabolite formation. The salmon liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes were characterized with respect to phase I cytochrome P450 (CYP) and phase II uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme activities using specific probe substrates, which allowed comparison to results in other species. DAI, GEN and GLY were effectively cleared by UGT. Based on the measurement of exact masses, fragmentation patterns, and retention times in liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, we preliminarily identified the 7-O-glucuronides as the main metabolites in salmon, possibly produced by UGT1A1 and UGT1A9-like activities. In contrast, the production of oxidative metabolites by CYP was insignificant. Under optimized assay conditions, only small amounts of mono-hydroxylated DAI were detectable. These findings suggested that bioaccumulation of phytoestrogens in farmed salmon and consumer risks from soy-containing aquafeeds are unlikely.

中文翻译：

来自大豆的植物雌激素在大西洋鲑鱼的酶促表征的肝微粒体和原代肝细胞中的生物转化。

高效的水产养殖取决于可持续的蛋白质来源。海洋原材料的短缺引发了向以大豆和小麦等主要原料为基础的“绿色水产饲料”的转变。由于可能存在化学污染物、天然毒素和植物雌激素等生物活性化合物，植物性饮食给鱼类健康、产品质量和消费者风险带来了新的挑战。大豆异黄酮 (DAI)、染料木黄酮 (GEN) 和黄豆黄素 (GLY) 是主要的大豆异黄酮，具有相当大的雌激素活性，可能会干扰鱼类内分泌系统，并在残留后影响消费者。在这种情况下，鱼类异黄酮生物转化的信息对于风险评估至关重要。因此，我们分离了挪威水产养殖中最重要的物种大西洋鲑鱼（Salmo salar）的肝脏部分，并用它们来研究异黄酮的消除和代谢物的形成。使用特定的探针底物对鲑鱼肝微粒体和原代肝细胞的 I 相细胞色素 P450 (CYP) 和 II 相尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶 (UGT) 酶活性进行了表征，从而可以与其他物种的结果进行比较。 DAI、GEN 和 GLY 被 UGT 有效清除。基于液相色谱高分辨质谱的精确质量、碎片模式和保留时间的测量，我们初步确定7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷是鲑鱼中的主要代谢物，可能是由UGT1A1和UGT1A9样活性产生的。相比之下，CYP 产生的氧化代谢产物微不足道。在优化的测定条件下，仅可检测到少量的单羟基化 DAI。这些发现表明，养殖鲑鱼中植物雌激素的生物累积以及含大豆水产饲料对消费者造成的风险不太可能。

更新日期：2020-04-13

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