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Oxpeckers Help Rhinos Evade Humans.
Current Biology ( IF 8.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-09 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.015
Roan D Plotz 1 , Wayne L Linklater 2
Affiliation  

Evolutionary theory expects social, communicative species to eavesdrop most on other species' alarm calls [e.g., 1, 2] but also that solitary-living species benefit most from eavesdropping [3, 4]. Examples of solitary species responding to the alarm calls of other species, however, are limited and unconvincing [3-5]. The Swahili name for the red-billed oxpecker (Buphagus erythrorynchus) is Askari wa kifaru, the rhinos' guard [6]. Black rhino (Diceros bicornis) are a solitary-living, non-vocal species and are critically endangered through hunting. We searched Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa, for rhinoceros for 27 months with and without the aid of radio telemetry and conducted 86 experimental, unconcealed approaches to 11 rhino, without or with varying numbers of resident oxpecker. Oxpeckers enabled rhinos to evade detection by us in 40% to 50% of encounters. Alarm-calling by oxpeckers significantly improved the rate and distance that rhinos detected our approach from 23% to 100% and 27 ± 6 m to 61 ± 4 m, respectively. Every additional oxpecker improved detection distance by 9 m. Rhinos alerted by oxpeckers' alarm calls never re-oriented in our direction but moved to face downwind. Thus, oxpeckers' calls communicate only threat proximity, not direction, and rhinos assume the hunter is stalking from downwind. We confirm that oxpeckers guard rhinos and the importance of depredation, not sociality, in the evolution of eavesdropping [4, 7]. Conservationists should consider reintroducing oxpeckers to rhino populations, reinstating their anti-human sentinel [8]. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

中文翻译:

啄木鸟帮助犀牛躲避人类。

进化论预计,群居、交流的物种最能窃听其他物种的警报[例如,1、2],但也认为独居物种从窃听中获益最多[3、4]。然而,独居物种对其他物种的警报声做出反应的例子是有限的且不具有说服力的 [3-5]。红嘴啄木鸟 (Buphagus erythrorynchus) 的斯瓦希里语名称是犀牛的守卫 [6]。黑犀牛(Diceros bicornis)是一种独居、无声的物种,因狩猎而极度濒危。我们在南非的 Hluhluwe-iMfolozi 公园搜索犀牛 27 个月,无论是否有无线电遥测的帮助,并对 11 头犀牛进行了 86 次实验性的、未隐藏的方法,没有或有不同数量的常驻啄木鸟。啄木鸟使犀牛能够在 40% 到 50% 的遭遇中逃避我们的检测。啄木鸟发出警报后,犀牛发现我们的方法的比率和距离分别从 23% 提高到 100% 和从 27 ± 6 m 提高到 61 ± 4 m。每增加一个啄木鸟,探测距离就会增加 9 m。被啄木鸟的警报声警告的犀牛从来没有转向我们的方向,而是面向下风向。因此,啄木鸟的叫声只传达威胁的接近性,而不是方向,犀牛认为猎人是从下风跟踪。我们证实了啄木鸟保护犀牛,以及在窃听进化过程中掠夺而非社交的重要性 [4, 7]。保护主义者应该考虑将啄木鸟重新引入犀牛种群,恢复它们的反人类哨兵[8]。视频摘要。啄木鸟发出警报后,犀牛发现我们的方法的比率和距离分别从 23% 提高到 100% 和从 27 ± 6 m 提高到 61 ± 4 m。每增加一个啄木鸟,探测距离就会增加 9 m。被啄木鸟的警报声警告的犀牛从来没有转向我们的方向,而是面向下风向。因此,啄木鸟的叫声只传达威胁的接近性,而不是方向,犀牛认为猎人是从下风跟踪。我们证实了啄木鸟保护犀牛,以及在窃听进化过程中掠夺而非社交的重要性 [4, 7]。保护主义者应该考虑将啄木鸟重新引入犀牛种群,恢复它们的反人类哨兵[8]。视频摘要。啄木鸟发出警报后,犀牛发现我们的方法的比率和距离分别从 23% 提高到 100% 和从 27 ± 6 m 提高到 61 ± 4 m。每增加一个啄木鸟,探测距离就会增加 9 m。被啄木鸟的警报声警告的犀牛从来没有转向我们的方向,而是面向下风向。因此,啄木鸟的叫声只传达威胁的接近性,而不是方向,犀牛认为猎人是从下风跟踪。我们证实了啄木鸟保护犀牛,以及在窃听进化过程中掠夺而非社交的重要性 [4, 7]。保护主义者应该考虑将啄木鸟重新引入犀牛种群,恢复它们的反人类哨兵[8]。视频摘要。
更新日期:2020-04-09
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