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Synergistic Effects of Inexpensive Mixed Metal Oxides for Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Wastes
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-09 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02059 Feng Cheng 1 , Geoffrey A. Tompsett 1 , Caroline M. Murphy 1 , Alex R. Maag 1 , Nicholas Carabillo 1 , Marianna Bailey 1 , Jeremy J. Hemingway 1 , Carla I. Romo 1 , Alex D. Paulsen 2 , Paul E. Yelvington 2 , Michael T. Timko 1
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-04-09 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02059 Feng Cheng 1 , Geoffrey A. Tompsett 1 , Caroline M. Murphy 1 , Alex R. Maag 1 , Nicholas Carabillo 1 , Marianna Bailey 1 , Jeremy J. Hemingway 1 , Carla I. Romo 1 , Alex D. Paulsen 2 , Paul E. Yelvington 2 , Michael T. Timko 1
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Industrial wastes and natural mixed oxide materials were evaluated as inexpensive heterogeneous catalysts for catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (CHTL) of food wastes. Red mud and red clay achieved biocrude carbon yields of 47.0 and 39.5% with higher heating values (HHVs) of 40.2 and 37.7 MJ kg–1, respectively, which were much greater than those without the catalyst (biocrude carbon yield of 19.7% and HHV of 36.1 MJ kg–1). Biocrude characterization revealed that similar families of molecules were formed in the presence and absence of catalysts, implying that the main role of the catalyst is to promote rates of thermal reactions, leading to biocrude production without opening new pathways. The crystalline structures of inexpensive mixed oxides were stable under hydrothermal conditions, with modest calcium leaching (7.5%) and trace leaching of other metals. Using red clay or red mud resulted in >40% recovery of the energy in food waste as biocrude, greater than that obtained under noncatalytic conditions (18%) or from any individual constituent oxide (19–27%). The improved CHTL performance of the mixed metal oxides compared with single-metal oxides was attributed to the synergistic effects of base and acid sites present on catalyst surfaces; mixed oxides presented balanced densities of acids and bases, whereas the constituent oxides were either primarily acidic or primarily basic. The percent of energy recovered as biocrude oil was strongly correlated with the base-to-acid site density ratio, providing an important performance predictor for CHTL conversion of food waste to bioenergy.
中文翻译：
廉价的混合金属氧化物对食物垃圾催化液化的协同作用
工业废料和天然混合氧化物材料被评估为廉价的用于食品废料催化水热液化（CHTL）的非均相催化剂。红泥和红粘土的生物原油碳产率分别为47.0和39.5％，较高的热值（HHV）分别为40.2和37.7 MJ kg –1，远高于不使用催化剂时的生物原油碳产率（19.7％和HHV的生物原油碳产率）之36.1 MJ公斤–1）。生物粗产物的表征揭示了在存在和不存在催化剂的情况下都形成了类似的分子家族，这暗示着催化剂的主要作用是促进热反应速率，从而导致生物粗产物的产生而没有打开新的途径。廉价混合氧化物的晶体结构在水热条件下是稳定的，适度的钙浸出（7.5％）和其他金属的微量浸出。使用红粘土或赤泥可以使食物残渣中的能量作为生物粗品回收> 40％，高于在非催化条件下（18％）或从任何单独的氧化物中获得的能量（19-27％）。与单金属氧化物相比，混合金属氧化物的CHTL性能得到了改善，这归因于催化剂表面上存在的碱位和酸位的协同效应。混合氧化物呈现出平衡的酸和碱密度，而组成氧化物要么主要是酸性的，要么主要是碱性的。作为生物原油回收的能量百分比与碱酸位点密度比密切相关，为食物垃圾CHTL转化为生物能提供了重要的性能指标。
更新日期：2020-04-09
中文翻译：
廉价的混合金属氧化物对食物垃圾催化液化的协同作用
工业废料和天然混合氧化物材料被评估为廉价的用于食品废料催化水热液化（CHTL）的非均相催化剂。红泥和红粘土的生物原油碳产率分别为47.0和39.5％，较高的热值（HHV）分别为40.2和37.7 MJ kg –1，远高于不使用催化剂时的生物原油碳产率（19.7％和HHV的生物原油碳产率）之36.1 MJ公斤–1）。生物粗产物的表征揭示了在存在和不存在催化剂的情况下都形成了类似的分子家族，这暗示着催化剂的主要作用是促进热反应速率，从而导致生物粗产物的产生而没有打开新的途径。廉价混合氧化物的晶体结构在水热条件下是稳定的，适度的钙浸出（7.5％）和其他金属的微量浸出。使用红粘土或赤泥可以使食物残渣中的能量作为生物粗品回收> 40％，高于在非催化条件下（18％）或从任何单独的氧化物中获得的能量（19-27％）。与单金属氧化物相比，混合金属氧化物的CHTL性能得到了改善，这归因于催化剂表面上存在的碱位和酸位的协同效应。混合氧化物呈现出平衡的酸和碱密度，而组成氧化物要么主要是酸性的，要么主要是碱性的。作为生物原油回收的能量百分比与碱酸位点密度比密切相关，为食物垃圾CHTL转化为生物能提供了重要的性能指标。
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