The aim of this study was to assess the soil contamination caused by potentially toxic elements (Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, V, and Zn) using various indices and the associated risk of human health for adults and children in selected soils from Germany (Calcic Luvisols, Tidalic Fluvisols, Haplic Gleysols, and Eutric Fluvisols) and Egypt (Haplic Calcisols, Sodic Fluvisols, and Eutric Fluvisols). Soil contamination degree has been assessed using indices such as contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and enrichment factor. We also assessed the health risk for children and for male and female adults. Chromium, Cu, As, Mo, Ni, Se, and Zn in the German Fluvisols had high CF of >6, while in the Egyptian Fluvisols Se, Mo, As, and Al revealed a high CF. The PLI (1.1-5.2) was higher than unity in most soils (except for Tidalic Fluvisols), while the most important contributor was Se, followed by Mo and As in the Egyptian Fluvisols, and by Cr, Cu, and Zn in the German Fluvisols. The median value of hazard index (HI) for children in the studied soils indicated an elevated health risk (higher than one), especially in the German Fluvisols (HI = 4.0-29.0) and in the Egyptian Fluvisols (HI = 2.2-5.2). For adults, median HIs in all soils were lower than unity for both males and females. The key contributor to HI was As in the whole soil profiles, accounting for about 59% of the total HIs in all three person groupings. Our findings show that in the studied multi-element contaminated soils the risk for children's health is higher than for adults; while mainly As (and Al, Cr, Cu, and Fe) contributed significantly to soil-derived health risk.

中文翻译：

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土壤和人为污染土壤中潜在毒性元素对土壤的污染以及相关的人类健康风险：来自温带地区（德国）和干旱地区（埃及）的案例研究。

这项研究的目的是使用各种指标和潜在的风险评估因潜在毒性元素（Al，As，Co，Cr，Cu，Fe，Mn，Mo，Ni，Se，V和Zn）引起的土壤污染。来自德国（钙卢维索尔，梯达克氟维索尔，Haplic Gleysols和Eutric氟维索尔）和埃及（Haplic Calcisols，Sodic Fluvisols和Eutric氟维索尔）在选定土壤中对成人和儿童的人类健康。已使用诸如污染因子（CF），污染负荷指数（PLI），地质累积指数（Igeo）和富集因子之类的指标评估了土壤污染程度。我们还评估了儿童以及男性和女性成年人的健康风险。德国氟维索尔中的铬，铜，砷，钼，镍，硒和锌的CF值均大于6，而埃及氟维索尔中的硒，钼，砷和铝的CF值较高。PLI（1.1-5。2）在大多数土壤中（泰达力氟维松醇除外）都比单一性高，而最重要的贡献者是硒，其次是埃及氟维松醇中的Mo和As，以及德国氟维索尔中的Cr，Cu和Zn。在研究过的土壤中儿童的危害指数（HI）的中值表明健康风险升高（高于1），特别是在德国氟维索尔（HI = 4.0-29.0）和埃及氟维索尔（HI = 2.2-5.2）中。对于成年人，男性和女性的所有土壤中HI值均低于统一值。HI的主要贡献者是整个土壤剖面中的As，在所有三个人组中约占总HI的59％。我们的研究结果表明，在研究的多元素污染土壤中，儿童健康的风险高于成人。而主要是砷（以及铝，铬，铜，