清醒梦对我们有好处吗？我们问的是对的问题吗？清醒梦研究呼吁谨慎,Frontiers in Neuroscience

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清醒梦对我们有好处吗？我们问的是对的问题吗？清醒梦研究呼吁谨慎
Frontiers in Neuroscience ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-24 , DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01423
Nirit Soffer-Dudek ₁

Affiliation

清醒梦（LD），即意识到自己在做梦的梦，近年来已广为人知，其故意诱导也变得普遍。这种流行部分源于将 LD 概念化为适应心理健康的理论概念。然而，这方面的经验证据是模棱两可的。此外，理论上频繁的故意 LD 诱导也可能被假设对心理健康有害，至少有两个原因：（1）可能扰乱睡眠质量和（2）可能扰乱现实-幻想界限。下面，我将讨论关于 LD 与幸福与精神病理学之间关系的证据，然后考虑这两种潜在的破坏中的每一种。我的结论是建议关注 LD 的潜在益处伴随着忽视频繁故意 LD 诱导的潜在风险。近年来，LD 的知名度越来越高，在大众媒体（例如 2010 年的科幻惊悚片“盗梦空间”）和几个专门针对该主题的网络论坛和博客中都有代表，有数千名参与者（例如 Dreamviews LD 论坛 1 拥有超过 93,000 名成员）。LD 可能自发发生，但有意诱导 LD 的技术（例如，LaBerge 和 Rheingold，1990）已经越来越流行。归纳技术变得如此流行，以至于 35% 的一年级心理学本科生曾尝试至少一次故意启动 LD（Aviram 和 Soffer-Dudek，2018 年）。为什么人们愿意主动诱导LD？部分原因是很容易进入一种不使用任何物理物质的意识改变状态，在这种状态下，人们可以通过对梦境进行控制来执行现实生活中不可能实现的壮举（例如，飞行）。而且，由于 LD 被许多人视为一种理想状态，可以促进幸福感和心理成长（Tholey，1988 年；Green 和 McCreery，1994 年），博客作者很容易采用这种立场。清醒梦的原因通常是愿望实现和解决问题，尽管许多人还报告了克服恐惧和治愈等目标（Stumbrys 和 Erlacher，2016）。然而，正如下面将要回顾的，支持 LD 促进心理健康的经验证据是模棱两可的，而且，尽管有共同的观念，经验证据表明，大多数 LD 不具有控制梦事件的能力。LD 被认为表明心理健康和幸福感（Snyder 和 Gackenbach，1988 年；LaBerge，2014 年）。事实上，在一项研究中，它们与增强的心理健康和自信心有关（Doll 等，2009）。另一项探索 LD 和个性的研究发现，清醒梦者在社会上大胆、支配、实验、热情和热情（Gruber 等，1995）。LD 还与创造力（Blagrove 和 Hartnell，2000）以及面对创伤压力时的心理弹性有关（Soffer-Dudek 等，2011）。虽然 LD 可能经常由噩梦引发，但它们往往以积极的情绪结束 LD 被认为表明心理健康和幸福感（Snyder 和 Gackenbach，1988 年；LaBerge，2014 年）。事实上，在一项研究中，它们与增强的心理健康和自信心有关（Doll 等，2009）。另一项探索 LD 和个性的研究发现，清醒梦者在社会上大胆、支配、实验、热情和热情（Gruber 等，1995）。LD 还与创造力（Blagrove 和 Hartnell，2000）以及面对创伤压力时的心理弹性有关（Soffer-Dudek 等，2011）。虽然 LD 可能经常由噩梦引发，但它们往往以积极的情绪结束 LD 被认为表明心理健康和幸福感（Snyder 和 Gackenbach，1988 年；LaBerge，2014 年）。事实上，在一项研究中，它们与增强的心理健康和自信心有关（Doll 等，2009）。另一项探索 LD 和个性的研究发现，清醒梦者在社会上大胆、支配、实验、热情和热情（Gruber 等，1995）。LD 还与创造力（Blagrove 和 Hartnell，2000）以及面对创伤压力时的心理弹性有关（Soffer-Dudek 等，2011）。虽然 LD 可能经常由噩梦引发，但它们往往以积极的情绪结束另一项探索 LD 和个性的研究发现，清醒梦者在社会上大胆、支配、实验、热情和热情（Gruber 等，1995）。LD 还与创造力（Blagrove 和 Hartnell，2000）以及面对创伤压力时的心理弹性有关（Soffer-Dudek 等，2011）。虽然 LD 可能经常由噩梦引发，但它们往往以积极的情绪结束另一项探索 LD 和个性的研究发现，清醒梦者在社会上大胆、支配、实验、热情和热情（Gruber 等，1995）。LD 还与创造力（Blagrove 和 Hartnell，2000）以及面对创伤压力时的心理弹性有关（Soffer-Dudek 等，2011）。虽然 LD 可能经常由噩梦引发，但它们往往以积极的情绪结束

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Are Lucid Dreams Good for Us? Are We Asking the Right Question? A Call for Caution in Lucid Dream Research

Lucid dreams (LD), i.e., dreams in which one is cognizant of the fact that one is dreaming, have become well-known in recent years, and their deliberate induction has become widespread. This popularity partly stems from theoretical notions conceptualizing LD as adaptive to mental health. However, empirical evidence for that is equivocal. Moreover, there are at least two reasons why frequent deliberate LD induction may theoretically also be hypothesized to be deleterious to mental health: (1) possibly disrupted sleep quality and (2) possibly disrupted reality–fantasy boundaries. Below, I will discuss evidence regarding relations of LD with well-being vs. psychopathology and then consider each of these two potential disruptions. I will conclude by suggesting that the focus on potential benefits of LD is accompanied by a disregard of potential risks of frequent deliberate LD induction. LD have become increasingly well-known in recent years, with representations in popular media (e.g., the 2010 sci-fi thriller “Inception”) and several cyber-forums and blogs dedicated to the topic, with thousands of participants (e.g., the Dreamviews LD forum1 has over 93,000 members). LD may occur spontaneously, yet techniques for deliberate LD induction (e.g., LaBerge and Rheingold, 1990) have been gaining popularity. Induction techniques have become so popular that 35% of first-year Psychology undergraduate students had tried to deliberately initiate LD at least once (Aviram and Soffer-Dudek, 2018). Why do people wish to volitionally induce LD? Partly because it is tempting to enter—without using any physical substance—a state of altered consciousness in which one can perform feats not possible in real life (e.g., flying), by exerting control over the dream scenario. But also, since LD are considered by many as an ideal state, promoting well-being and psychological growth (Tholey, 1988; Green and McCreery, 1994), a stance readily adopted by bloggers. Reasons for lucid dreaming are usually wish fulfillment and problem-solving, althoughmany also report aims such as overcoming fears and healing (Stumbrys and Erlacher, 2016). However, as will be reviewed below, empirical evidence in favor of LD as promoting psychological well-being is equivocal, and also, despite common notions, empirical evidence suggests that most LD are not characterized by an ability to control dream events. LD are considered as indicating mental health and well-being (Snyder and Gackenbach, 1988; LaBerge, 2014). Indeed, in one study they were associated with increased mental health and self-confidence (Doll et al., 2009). Another study exploring LD and personality found that lucid dreamers were socially bold, dominant, experimenting, enthusiastic, and warm (Gruber et al., 1995). LD have also been associated with creativity (Blagrove and Hartnell, 2000) and with psychological resilience in the face of traumatic stress (Soffer-Dudek et al., 2011). Although LD may often be triggered by nightmares, they tend to conclude with positive emotion

更新日期：2020-01-24

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