Hemorrhage is common in surgery, and excessive bleeding is the main reason for trauma death. Effective control of bleeding is becoming more and more important in military and civilian trauma. In this work, oxidized cellulose nanocrystal/alginate composite films and sponges were successfully prepared and their usages as the hemostatic materials were investigated. Carboxyl functionalization on the cellulose nanocrystal surface not only played a fundamental role in the structural of composites, but also contributed to absorb plasma and stimulate erythrocytes and platelets. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra showed that the carboxyl groups were successfully introduced on the cellulose nanocrystal surface by TEMPO-mediated oxidization. The oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (TOCN)/alginate (SA) composites were in the presence of Ca²⁺ solution cross-linking. Physical properties tests results indicated that the ultrahigh porosity (sponge), surface homogeneity (film), water absorption ability, and chemical stability of TOCN-30/SA composite sponge, as well as TOCN-30/SA composite film, were all increased after ionic cross-linking, compared to the SA sponge and film, respectively. In vitro evaluation of the hemostatic effect, hemostatic time, and the blood loss in two injury models exhibited that TOCN-30/SA composite sponge had the most excellent hemostatic efficiency and could be biodegraded completely without inflammatory reaction after three weeks. In addition, the potential hemostatic mechanism of TOCN/SA composites was discussed.

中文翻译：

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2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧基（TEMPO）-氧化纤维素纳米晶/藻酸盐可生物降解复合敷料的制备与表征

出血在外科手术中很常见，出血过多是造成创伤死亡的主要原因。在军事和平民创伤中，有效控制出血变得越来越重要。在这项工作中，成功地制备了氧化纤维素纳米晶体/藻酸盐复合膜和海绵，并研究了它们作为止血材料的用途。纤维素纳米晶体表面的羧基官能化不仅在复合材料的结构中起着基本作用，而且还有助于吸收血浆并刺激红细胞和血小板。傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）光谱表明，羧基是通过TEMPO介导的氧化作用成功引入纤维素纳米晶体表面的。²⁺解决方案交联。物理性能测试结果表明，TOCN-30 / SA复合海绵以及TOCN-30 / SA复合薄膜的超高孔隙率（海绵），表面均一性（薄膜），吸水能力和化学稳定性均在增加后增加。离子交联，分别与SA海绵和薄膜相比。在两种损伤模型中的止血效果，止血时间和失血量的体外评估表明，TOCN-30 / SA复合海绵具有最优异的止血效率，并且三周后可以完全被生物降解而没有发炎反应。此外，还讨论了TOCN / SA复合材料的潜在止血机理。