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The iliosacral joint in lizards: an osteological and histological analysis.
Journal of Anatomy ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-05 , DOI: 10.1111/joa.13132 Ilaria Paparella 1 , Aaron R H LeBlanc 1 , Michael R Doschak 2 , Michael W Caldwell 1, 3
Journal of Anatomy ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-05 , DOI: 10.1111/joa.13132 Ilaria Paparella 1 , Aaron R H LeBlanc 1 , Michael R Doschak 2 , Michael W Caldwell 1, 3
Affiliation
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The development of the iliosacral joint (ISJ) in tetrapods represented a crucial step in the evolution of terrestrial locomotion. This structure is responsible for transferring forces between the vertebral column and appendicular skeleton, thus supporting the bodyweight on land. However, most research dealing with the water‐to‐land transition and biomechanical studies in general has focused exclusively on the articulation between the pelvic girdle and femur. Our knowledge about the contact between the pelvic girdle and vertebral column (i.e. the ISJ) at a tissue level is restricted so far to human anatomy, with little to no information available on other tetrapods. This lack of data limits our understanding of the development and evolution of such a key structure, and thus on the pattern and processes of the evolution of terrestrial locomotion. Therefore, we investigated the macro‐ and microanatomy of the ISJ in limb‐bearing squamates that, similar to most non‐mammalian, non‐avian tetrapods, possess only two sacral ribs articulating with the posterior process of the ilium. Using a combination of osteology, micro‐computed tomography and histology, we collected data on the ISJ apparatus of numerous specimens, sampling different taxa and different ontogenetic stages. Osteologically, we recorded consistent variability in all three processes of the ilium (preacetabular, supracetabular and posterior) and sacral ribs that correlate with posture and locomotion. The presence of a cavity between the ilium and sacral ribs, abundant articular cartilage and fibrocartilage, and a surrounding membrane of dense fibrous connective tissue allowed us to define this contact as a synovial joint. By comparison, the two sacral ribs are connected to each other mostly by dense fibrous tissue, with some cartilage found more distally along the margins of the two ribs, defining this joint as a combination of a syndesmosis and synchondrosis. Considering the intermediary position of the ISJ between the axial and appendicular skeletons, the shape of the articular surfaces of the sacral ribs and ilium, and the characteristics of the muscles associated with this structure, we argue that the mobility of the ISJ is primarily driven by the movements of the hindlimb during locomotion. We hypothesize that limited torsion of the ilium at the ISJ happens when the hip is abducted, and the joint is likely able to absorb the compressional and extensional forces related to the protraction and retraction of the femur. The mix of fibres and cartilage between the two sacral ribs instead serves primarily as a shock absorber, with the potential for limited vertical translation during locomotion.
中文翻译：
蜥蜴的髂骶关节：骨学和组织学分析。
四足动物髂骶关节 (ISJ) 的发育代表了陆地运动进化的关键一步。该结构负责在脊柱和附肢骨骼之间传递力，从而支撑陆地上的体重。然而，大多数涉及水陆过渡和生物力学研究的研究通常只关注骨盆带和股骨之间的关节。到目前为止，我们对组织水平上骨盆带和脊柱（即 ISJ）之间接触的了解仅限于人体解剖学，几乎没有关于其他四足动物的信息。缺乏数据限制了我们对这种关键结构的发展和演化的理解，从而限制了我们对陆地运动演化模式和过程的理解。因此，我们研究了有肢鳞状动物中 ISJ 的宏观和微观解剖结构，这些鳞状动物与大多数非哺乳动物、非鸟类四足动物相似，只有两条骶骨肋骨与髂骨后突相连。我们结合使用骨学、微型计算机断层扫描和组织学，收集了许多标本的 ISJ 设备数据，对不同的分类群和不同的个体发育阶段进行了采样。在骨学上，我们记录了与姿势和运动相关的髂骨（髋臼前、髋臼上和后）和骶肋骨的所有三个过程中的一致变异性。髂骨和骶肋之间的空腔、丰富的关节软骨和纤维软骨以及周围的致密纤维结缔组织膜使我们能够将这种接触定义为滑膜关节。相比之下，两肋骨主要通过致密的纤维组织相互连接，在两肋骨边缘更远的地方发现了一些软骨，将这个关节定义为联合和软骨联合。考虑到 ISJ 在轴向骨骼和附肢骨骼之间的中间位置、骶肋骨和髂骨关节面的形状以及与这种结构相关的肌肉特征，我们认为 ISJ 的活动性主要是由运动过程中后肢的运动。我们假设当髋关节外展时，ISJ 处髂骨的有限扭转发生，并且关节很可能能够吸收与股骨的伸展和回缩相关的压缩力和伸展力。
更新日期：2020-03-27
中文翻译：
蜥蜴的髂骶关节：骨学和组织学分析。
四足动物髂骶关节 (ISJ) 的发育代表了陆地运动进化的关键一步。该结构负责在脊柱和附肢骨骼之间传递力，从而支撑陆地上的体重。然而，大多数涉及水陆过渡和生物力学研究的研究通常只关注骨盆带和股骨之间的关节。到目前为止，我们对组织水平上骨盆带和脊柱（即 ISJ）之间接触的了解仅限于人体解剖学，几乎没有关于其他四足动物的信息。缺乏数据限制了我们对这种关键结构的发展和演化的理解，从而限制了我们对陆地运动演化模式和过程的理解。因此，我们研究了有肢鳞状动物中 ISJ 的宏观和微观解剖结构，这些鳞状动物与大多数非哺乳动物、非鸟类四足动物相似，只有两条骶骨肋骨与髂骨后突相连。我们结合使用骨学、微型计算机断层扫描和组织学，收集了许多标本的 ISJ 设备数据，对不同的分类群和不同的个体发育阶段进行了采样。在骨学上，我们记录了与姿势和运动相关的髂骨（髋臼前、髋臼上和后）和骶肋骨的所有三个过程中的一致变异性。髂骨和骶肋之间的空腔、丰富的关节软骨和纤维软骨以及周围的致密纤维结缔组织膜使我们能够将这种接触定义为滑膜关节。相比之下，两肋骨主要通过致密的纤维组织相互连接，在两肋骨边缘更远的地方发现了一些软骨，将这个关节定义为联合和软骨联合。考虑到 ISJ 在轴向骨骼和附肢骨骼之间的中间位置、骶肋骨和髂骨关节面的形状以及与这种结构相关的肌肉特征，我们认为 ISJ 的活动性主要是由运动过程中后肢的运动。我们假设当髋关节外展时，ISJ 处髂骨的有限扭转发生，并且关节很可能能够吸收与股骨的伸展和回缩相关的压缩力和伸展力。
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