AbstractFunctionalized nanocomposites based on various type of graphene nanomaterials including graphene, graphene oxides (GOs), and doped graphene (oxides) are widely used as materials for various sensors that can display high sensitivity, selectivity and stability. This review with 347 references summarizes advances in the preparation and functionalization of graphene nanocomposites for the application of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Following a general introduction into the field, the article is divided into subsections on (a) the synthesis and functionalization of nanocomposites (made from graphene, various kinds of GOs, heteroatom-doped GOs), (b) on methods for functionalization of composites (with other carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide and metal sulfide nanoparticles), (c) on functionalization with inorganic materials including polyoxometalates, hexacyanoferrates, minerals), (d) on functionalization with organic materials such as amino acids, surfactants, organic dyes, ionic liquids, macrocycles (including cyclodextrins, crown ethers and calixarenes), and (e) on functionalization with organometallics and with various other organic compounds, (f) on functionalizations with polymers such as conventional polymers, polyelectrolytes, conducting polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers, (g) on functionalization with biomolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. Other subsections cover flexible graphene and GO based nanocomposites and 3D composites. Application of graphene and GO nanocomposites are then covered in a in large section that comprises electrochemical sensors and biosensors (based on voltammetry, amperometry, potentiometry, impedimetry, electrochemiluminescence, photoelectrochemistry, field effect transistors, electrochemical immunosensors) with specific subsections on gas sensors, enzymatic biosensors and gene sensors. A concluding section covers current challenges and perspectives of graphene and GO based (bio)sensing. Graphical abstractIllustration of electroanalytical applications of graphene functionalized with various materials, including carbon nanotube (CNT), fullerene (C60), nanodiamond (ND), nanoparticle (NP), polyoxometalate (POM), metal hexacyanoferrate (MHCF), metalphthalocyanine (MPc), cyclodextrin (CD), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), chitosan (CHIT), DNA and enzyme.

中文翻译：

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石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的纳米复合材料：合成、分子功能化和在电化学传感器和生物传感器中的应用。回顾

摘要 基于石墨烯、氧化石墨烯 (GO) 和掺杂石墨烯 (氧化物) 等各种类型石墨烯纳米材料的功能化纳米复合材料被广泛用作各种传感器的材料，具有高灵敏度、选择性和稳定性。这篇包含 347 篇参考文献的综述总结了用于电化学传感器和生物传感器应用的石墨烯纳米复合材料的制备和功能化方面的进展。在对该领域进行一般性介绍后，该文章分为以下几个小节：（a）纳米复合材料（由石墨烯、各种 GO、杂原子掺杂的 GO 制成）的合成和功能化，（b）复合材料的功能化方法（与其他碳纳米材料、金属纳米颗粒、金属氧化物和金属硫化物纳米颗粒），(c) 无机材料的功能化，包括多金属氧酸盐、六氰基铁酸盐、矿物质)，(d) 有机材料的功能化，例如氨基酸、表面活性剂、有机染料、离子液体、大环化合物（包括环糊精、冠醚和杯芳烃），和（ e) 使用有机金属和各种其他有机化合物进行功能化，(f) 使用聚合物进行功能化，例如常规聚合物、聚电解质、导电聚合物、分子印迹聚合物，(g) 使用包括蛋白质和核酸在内的生物分子进行功能化。其他小节涵盖柔性石墨烯和基于 GO 的纳米复合材料和 3D 复合材料。然后将石墨烯和 GO 纳米复合材料的应用涵盖在包括电化学传感器和生物传感器（基于伏安法，安培法、电位法、阻抗法、电化学发光、光电化学、场效应晶体管、电化学免疫传感器）以及关于气体传感器、酶生物传感器和基因传感器的特定小节。结论部分涵盖了石墨烯和基于 GO 的（生物）传感的当前挑战和前景。用各种材料功能化的石墨烯的电分析应用的图形摘要说明，包括碳纳米管 (CNT)、富勒烯 (C60)、纳米金刚石 (ND)、纳米颗粒 (NP)、多金属氧酸盐 (POM)、金属六氰基铁酸盐 (MHCF)、金属酞菁 (MPc)、环糊精 (CD)、聚 (4-苯乙烯磺酸钠) (PSS)、壳聚糖 (CHIT)、DNA 和酶。电化学免疫传感器）与气体传感器、酶生物传感器和基因传感器的特定小节。结论部分涵盖了石墨烯和基于 GO 的（生物）传感的当前挑战和前景。用各种材料功能化的石墨烯的电分析应用的图形摘要说明，包括碳纳米管 (CNT)、富勒烯 (C60)、纳米金刚石 (ND)、纳米颗粒 (NP)、多金属氧酸盐 (POM)、金属六氰基铁酸盐 (MHCF)、金属酞菁 (MPc)、环糊精 (CD)、聚 (4-苯乙烯磺酸钠) (PSS)、壳聚糖 (CHIT)、DNA 和酶。电化学免疫传感器）与气体传感器、酶生物传感器和基因传感器的特定小节。结论部分涵盖了石墨烯和基于 GO 的（生物）传感的当前挑战和前景。用各种材料功能化的石墨烯的电分析应用的图形摘要说明，包括碳纳米管 (CNT)、富勒烯 (C60)、纳米金刚石 (ND)、纳米颗粒 (NP)、多金属氧酸盐 (POM)、金属六氰基铁酸盐 (MHCF)、金属酞菁 (MPc)、环糊精 (CD)、聚 (4-苯乙烯磺酸钠) (PSS)、壳聚糖 (CHIT)、DNA 和酶。