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Life cycle environmental impacts of sewage sludge treatment methods for resource recovery considering ecotoxicity of heavy metals and pharmaceutical and personal care products.
Journal of Environmental Management ( IF 8.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-23 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109643 Raphael Ricardo Zepon Tarpani 1 , Carolina Alfonsín 2 , Almudena Hospido 2 , Adisa Azapagic 1
Journal of Environmental Management ( IF 8.0 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-23 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109643 Raphael Ricardo Zepon Tarpani 1 , Carolina Alfonsín 2 , Almudena Hospido 2 , Adisa Azapagic 1
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Sewage sludge handling is becoming a concern in Europe due to its increasing amount and the presence of contaminants, such as heavy metals and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). Currently, over 70% of sludge in Europe is treated thermally by incineration or used as fertilizer in agriculture. New thermochemical methods are under development and are expected to be implemented in the near future. This paper considers the life cycle environmental impacts of the following five alternatives for sludge handling, taking into account the presence of heavy metals and PPCPs: i) agricultural application of anaerobically digested sludge; ii) agricultural application of composted sludge; iii) incineration; iv) pyrolysis; and v) wet air oxidation. The results suggest that anaerobic digestion with recovery of nutrients and electricity has the lowest environmental impacts in 11 out of 18 categories considered. For the mean to maximum resource recovery, composting is the worst alternative, followed by pyrolysis with lower recovery rates. Agricultural application of anaerobically digested sludge has the highest freshwater ecotoxicity due to heavy metals, unless their concentration is in the lowest range, as found in some European sewage sludge applied on land. Therefore, stricter control of heavy metals in the sludge is needed for this option to limit freshwater ecotoxicity to the levels comparable with the thermal processes. The results also indicate that PPCPs have a negligible contribution to freshwater ecotoxicity when compared to heavy metals in the anaerobically digested sludge. Since thermal processes are currently drawing attention due to their potential benefits, the findings of this work suggest that their adoption is environmentally beneficial only if high resource recovery rates can be achieved.
中文翻译：
考虑到重金属和药物及个人护理产品的生态毒性，污水污泥处理方法对资源回收的生命周期环境影响。
在欧洲，由于污泥处理量的增加以及污染物（例如重金属，药品和个人护理产品（PPCP））的存在，该问题已成为欧洲关注的问题。目前，欧洲有超过70％的污泥通过焚化进行热处理或用作农业肥料。新的热化学方法正在开发中，预计将在不久的将来实施。本文考虑了以下五种污泥处理方法对生命周期的环境影响，其中考虑了重金属和PPCP的存在：i）厌氧消化污泥的农业应用；ii）堆肥污泥的农业应用；iii）焚化；iv）热解；v）湿空气氧化。结果表明，在考虑的18种类别中，有11种类别的厌氧消化具有营养和电力的回收对环境的影响最小。为了最大程度地提高资源回收率，堆肥是最糟糕的选择，其次是热解，回收率较低。厌氧消化污泥的农业应用由于重金属而具有最高的淡水生态毒性，除非其浓度在最低范围内，如某些欧洲陆地污泥所发现的那样。因此，需要更严格地控制污泥中的重金属，以将淡水的生态毒性限制在与热过程相当的水平。结果还表明，与厌氧消化的污泥中的重金属相比，PPCP对淡水生态毒性的贡献可忽略不计。
更新日期：2020-01-23
中文翻译：
考虑到重金属和药物及个人护理产品的生态毒性，污水污泥处理方法对资源回收的生命周期环境影响。
在欧洲，由于污泥处理量的增加以及污染物（例如重金属，药品和个人护理产品（PPCP））的存在，该问题已成为欧洲关注的问题。目前，欧洲有超过70％的污泥通过焚化进行热处理或用作农业肥料。新的热化学方法正在开发中，预计将在不久的将来实施。本文考虑了以下五种污泥处理方法对生命周期的环境影响，其中考虑了重金属和PPCP的存在：i）厌氧消化污泥的农业应用；ii）堆肥污泥的农业应用；iii）焚化；iv）热解；v）湿空气氧化。结果表明，在考虑的18种类别中，有11种类别的厌氧消化具有营养和电力的回收对环境的影响最小。为了最大程度地提高资源回收率，堆肥是最糟糕的选择，其次是热解，回收率较低。厌氧消化污泥的农业应用由于重金属而具有最高的淡水生态毒性，除非其浓度在最低范围内，如某些欧洲陆地污泥所发现的那样。因此，需要更严格地控制污泥中的重金属，以将淡水的生态毒性限制在与热过程相当的水平。结果还表明，与厌氧消化的污泥中的重金属相比，PPCP对淡水生态毒性的贡献可忽略不计。
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