The uptake of exogenous DNA materials through the cell membrane by bacteria, known as transformation, is essential for the genetic manipulation of bacteria and, thus, plays key roles in biotechnological and biological research. The efficiency of natural transformation is very low; therefore, various artificial transformation methods have been developed for simple and efficient bacterial transformation. The basic bacterial transformation method is based on chemical, physical, and electrical processes and other means to permeabilize the bacterial cell membrane to allow plasmid DNA uptake. With the introduction of novel chemicals, materials, and devices and the optimization of protocols, new transformation methods have become simpler, cheaper, and more reproducible for use in diverse bacterial species compared with conventional methods. In this review, artificial transformation methods have been classified according to the membrane-permeabilizing mechanisms employed by them. Their influential factors, transformation efficiency, advantages, disadvantages, and practical applications are briefly illustrated. Finally, physicochemical transformation as a new bacterial transformation technique has also been described.

中文翻译：

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用于提高质粒DNA转化效率并简化其使用的人工转化方法。

细菌通过细胞膜吸收外源DNA物质（称为转化）对于细菌的基因操作至关重要，因此在生物技术和生物学研究中起着关键作用。自然转化的效率很低；因此，已经开发了各种人工转化方法以简单有效地进行细菌转化。基本的细菌转化方法是基于化学，物理和电气过程以及其他可透化细菌细胞膜以允许质粒DNA吸收的方法。与传统方法相比，随着新型化学药品，材料和设备的引入以及协议的优化，新的转化方法已变得更简单，更便宜且可重复用于多种细菌。在这篇综述中，已经根据人工转化方法所采用的膜透化机制对其进行了分类。简要说明了它们的影响因素，转换效率，优点，缺点和实际应用。最后，还描述了物理化学转化作为一种​​新的细菌转化技术。