Neural crest (NC) cells are a multipotent stem cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cell types in the body, including peripheral neurons, Schwann cells (SC), craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle cells, and melanocytes. NC formation and differentiation into specific lineages takes place in response to a set of highly regulated signaling and transcriptional events within the neural plate border. Premigratory NC cells initially are contained within the dorsal neural tube from which they subsequently emigrate, migrating to often distant sites in the periphery. Following their migration and differentiation, some NC‐like cells persist in adult tissues in a nascent multipotent state, making them potential candidates for autologous cell therapy. This review discusses the gene regulatory network responsible for NC development and maintenance of multipotency. We summarize the genes and signaling pathways that have been implicated in the differentiation of a postmigratory NC into mature myelinating SC. We elaborate on the signals and transcription factors involved in the acquisition of immature SC fate, axonal sorting of unmyelinated neuronal axons, and finally the path toward mature myelinating SC, which envelope axons within myelin sheaths, facilitating electrical signal propagation. The gene regulatory events guiding development of SC in vivo provides insights into means for differentiating NC‐like cells from adult human tissues into functional SC, which have the potential to provide autologous cell sources for the treatment of demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorders.

中文翻译：

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成人组织来源的神经c样干细胞：来源，调控网络和翻译潜力。

神经rest（NC）细胞是一种多能干细胞群体，在体内产生多种细胞类型，包括外周神经元，雪旺氏细胞（SC），颅面软骨和骨骼，平滑肌细胞和黑素细胞。响应于神经板边界内的一组高度调控的信号传导和转录事件，发生NC形成和分化为特定谱系。迁徙前的NC细胞最初包含在背神经管中，随后它们从背神经管中迁移出来，迁移到外围的通常较远的位置。随着它们的迁移和分化，一些NC样细胞以新生的多能状态持续存在于成年组织中，使其成为自体细胞治疗的潜在候选者。这篇综述讨论了负责NC开发和维持多能性的基因调控网络。我们总结了涉及迁移后的NC分化为成熟的有髓SC的基因和信号通路。我们详细介绍了未成熟SC命运的获得，未髓鞘的神经元轴突的轴突分类以及最终走向成熟的髓鞘SC的信号和转录因子，后者将轴突包裹在髓鞘内，促进了电信号的传播。指导SC体内发展的基因调控事件为将NC样细胞从成年人体组织分化为功能性SC的手段提供了见识，这些手段有可能提供自体细胞来源来治疗脱髓鞘和神经退行性疾病。