3-Deoxyglucosone (3-DG) is synthesized via the Maillard reaction and the polyol pathway, and is detoxified to 3-deoxyfructose and 2-keto-3-deoxygluconic acid. 3-DG rapidly reacts with protein amino groups to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs) such as imidazolone, pyrraline, N'-(carboxymethyl)lysine and pentosidine, among which imidazolone is the AGE most specific for 3-DG. As demonstrated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or high-performance liquid chromatography, plasma 3-DG levels are markedly increased in diabetes and uremia. Although the plasma 3-DG levels had been controversial, it was clearly demonstrated that its plasma level depends on the deproteinization method by which either free or total 3-DG, presumably bound to proteins, is measured. In diabetes, hyperglycemia enhances the synthesis of 3-DG via the Maillard reaction and the polyol pathway, and thereby leads to its high plasma and erythrocyte levels. In uremia, however, the decreased catabolism of 3-DG, which may be due to the loss of 3-DG reductase activity in the end-stage kidneys, may lead to high plasma 3-DG level. The elevated 3-DG levels in plasma and erythrocytes may promote the formation of AGEs such as imidazolone, as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and immunochemistry using an anti-imidazolone antibody. Although AGE-modified proteins prepared in vitro exhibit a variety of biological activities, known AGE structures have not yet been demonstrated to show any biological activities. Because 3-DG is potent in the formation of AGEs and has some biological activities, such as cellular toxicity, it may be more important in the development of diabetic and uremic complications than the known AGE structures. By demonstrating that treatment with an aldose reductase inhibitor reduces the erythrocyte levels of 3-DG and AGEs, such as imidazolone, light is shed on the mystery of how aldose reductase inhibitors may prove beneficial in diabetic complications. These evidences suggest that 3-DG plays a principal role in the development of diabetic and uremic complications.

中文翻译：

---

3-Deoxyglucosone：新陈代谢，分析，生物学活性和临床意义。

3-脱氧葡糖酮（3-DG）通过美拉德反应和多元醇途径合成，并被解毒为3-脱氧果糖和2-酮-3-脱氧葡萄糖酸。3-DG与蛋白质氨基快速反应，形成高级糖基化终产物（AGEs），例如咪唑啉酮，吡咯啉，N'-（羧甲基）赖氨酸和戊糖苷，其中咪唑啉酮是对3-DG最特异的AGE。如通过使用气相色谱-质谱或高效液相色谱法所证明的，在糖尿病和尿毒症中血浆3-DG水平显着增加。尽管血浆3-DG水平一直存在争议，但已明确证明其血浆水平取决于去蛋白方法，通过该方法可以测量游离或总的3-DG（可能与蛋白质结合）。在糖尿病中 高血糖症通过美拉德反应和多元醇途径增强3-DG的合成，从而导致其血浆和红细胞水平升高。然而，在尿毒症中，3-DG分解代谢的降低（可能是由于末期肾脏中3-DG还原酶活性的丧失）可能导致血浆3-DG升高。血浆和红细胞中升高的3-DG水平可能会促进AGEs的形成，例如咪唑啉酮，这是通过使用抗咪唑啉酮抗体的免疫组织化学和免疫化学方法证实的。尽管体外制备的AGE修饰的蛋白质表现出多种生物学活性，但是尚未证明已知的AGE结构显示任何生物学活性。由于3-DG在AGEs的形成中很有效，并且具有某些生物活性，例如细胞毒性，它在糖尿病和尿毒症并发症的发生中可能比已知的AGE结构更为重要。通过证明用醛糖还原酶抑制剂治疗可降低3-DG和AGEs（如咪唑酮）的红细胞水平，揭示了醛糖还原酶抑制剂在糖尿病并发症中如何有益的奥秘。这些证据表明3-DG在糖尿病和尿毒症并发症的发生中起主要作用。