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L-Cysteine-Derived H2S Promotes Microglia M2 Polarization via Activation of the AMPK Pathway in Hypoxia-Ischemic Neonatal Mice.
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2019-03-28 , DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00058
Xin Zhou 1, 2 , Xili Chu 1 , Danqing Xin 1 , Tingting Li 1 , Xuemei Bai 1 , Jie Qiu 1, 2 , Hongtao Yuan 1, 3 , Dexiang Liu 3 , Dachuan Wang 2 , Zhen Wang 1
Affiliation  

We have reported previously that L-cysteine-derived hydrogen sulfide (H2S) demonstrates a remarkable neuroprotective effect against hypoxia-ischemic (HI) insult in neonatal animals. Here, we assessed some of the mechanisms of this protection as exerted by L-cysteine. Specifically, we examined the capacity for L-cysteine to stimulate microglial polarization of the M2 phenotype and its modulation of complement expression in response to HI in neonatal mice. L-cysteine treatment suppressed the production of inflammatory cytokines, while dramatically up-regulating levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the damaged cortex. This L-cysteine administration promoted the conversion of microglia from an inflammatory M1 to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, an effect which was associated with inhibiting the p38 and/or JNK pro-inflammatory pathways, nuclear factor-κB activation and a decrease in HI-derived levels of the C1q, C3a and C3a complement receptor proteins. Notably, blockade of H2S-production clearly prevented L-cysteine-mediated M2 polarization and complement expression. L-cysteine also inhibited neuronal apoptosis as induced by conditioned media from activated M1 microglia in vitro. We also show that L-cysteine promoted AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and the AMPK inhibitor abolished these anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of L-cysteine. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that L-cysteine-derived H2S attenuated neuronal apoptosis after HI and suggest that these effects, in part, result from enhancing microglia M2 polarization and modulating complement expression via AMPK activation.

中文翻译:

L-半胱氨酸衍生的H2S通过缺氧缺血性新生小鼠中AMPK途径的激活促进小胶质细胞M2极化。

我们以前曾报道过,L-半胱氨酸衍生的硫化氢(H2S)对新生动物的缺氧缺血(HI)损伤表现出显着的神经保护作用。在这里,我们评估了L-半胱氨酸所发挥的这种保护作用的一些机制。具体来说,我们检查了L-半胱氨酸刺激M2表型的小胶质细胞极化的能力及其对新生小鼠中HI的补体表达的调节。L-半胱氨酸治疗抑制了炎性细胞因子的产生,同时显着上调了受损皮层中的抗炎细胞因子的水平。这种L-半胱氨酸的给药促进了小胶质细胞从炎性M1转变为抗炎M2的表型,这种作用与抑制p38和/或JNK促炎途径有关,核因子-κB活化和HI衍生的C1q,C3a和C3a补体受体蛋白水平降低。值得注意的是,H2S产生的阻断明显阻止了L-半胱氨酸介导的M2极化和补体表达。L-半胱氨酸还抑制神经元凋亡,如体外条件下活化M1小胶质细胞产生的条件培养基所诱导的。我们还表明,L-半胱氨酸促进AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)激活,并且AMPK抑制剂废除了L-半胱氨酸的这些抗凋亡和抗炎作用。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,L半胱氨酸来源的H2S减轻了HI后的神经元凋亡,并提示这些作用部分是由于小胶质细胞M2极化增强和通过AMPK激活调​​节补体表达所致。C3a和C3a补充受体蛋白。值得注意的是,H2S产生的阻断明显阻止了L-半胱氨酸介导的M2极化和补体表达。L-半胱氨酸还抑制体外活化M1小胶质细胞的条件培养基诱导的神经元凋亡。我们还表明,L-半胱氨酸促进AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)激活,并且AMPK抑制剂废除了L-半胱氨酸的这些抗凋亡和抗炎作用。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,L半胱氨酸来源的H2S减轻了HI后的神经元凋亡,并提示这些作用部分是由于小胶质细胞M2极化增强和通过AMPK激活调​​节补体表达所致。C3a和C3a补充受体蛋白。值得注意的是,H2S产生的阻断明显阻止了L-半胱氨酸介导的M2极化和补体表达。L-半胱氨酸还抑制神经元凋亡,如体外条件下活化M1小胶质细胞产生的条件培养基所诱导的。我们还表明,L-半胱氨酸促进AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)激活,并且AMPK抑制剂废除了L-半胱氨酸的这些抗凋亡和抗炎作用。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,L半胱氨酸来源的H2S减轻了HI后的神经元凋亡,并提示这些作用部分是由于小胶质细胞M2极化增强和通过AMPK激活调​​节补体表达所致。阻止H2S产生明显阻止了L-半胱氨酸介导的M2极化和补体表达。L-半胱氨酸还抑制神经元凋亡,如体外条件下活化M1小胶质细胞产生的条件培养基所诱导的。我们还表明,L-半胱氨酸促进AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)激活,并且AMPK抑制剂废除了L-半胱氨酸的这些抗凋亡和抗炎作用。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,L半胱氨酸来源的H2S减轻了HI后的神经元凋亡,并提示这些作用部分是由于小胶质细胞M2极化增强和通过AMPK激活调​​节补体表达所致。阻止H2S产生明显阻止了L-半胱氨酸介导的M2极化和补体表达。L-半胱氨酸还抑制神经元凋亡,如体外条件下活化M1小胶质细胞产生的条件培养基所诱导的。我们还表明,L-半胱氨酸促进AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)激活,并且AMPK抑制剂废除了L-半胱氨酸的这些抗凋亡和抗炎作用。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,L半胱氨酸来源的H2S减轻了HI后的神经元凋亡,并提示这些作用部分是由于小胶质细胞M2极化增强和通过AMPK激活调​​节补体表达所致。我们还表明,L-半胱氨酸促进AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)激活,并且AMPK抑制剂废除了L-半胱氨酸的这些抗凋亡和抗炎作用。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,L半胱氨酸来源的H2S减轻了HI后的神经元凋亡,并提示这些作用部分是由于小胶质细胞M2极化增强和通过AMPK激活调​​节补体表达所致。我们还表明,L-半胱氨酸促进AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)激活,并且AMPK抑制剂废除了L-半胱氨酸的这些抗凋亡和抗炎作用。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,L半胱氨酸来源的H2S减轻了HI后的神经元凋亡,并提示这些作用部分是由于小胶质细胞M2极化增强和通过AMPK激活调​​节补体表达所致。
更新日期:2019-11-01
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