Careful phenotyping of patients to classify those with kidney stones has a long and important history in revealing the chemical basis for stone formation. Advances in our genetic understanding of kidney stones will lead to incredible insights regarding the pathophysiology of this common disorder. At this time, both evaluation of urine chemistry and genotyping of patients are extremely useful in the setting of a university and research-based kidney stone clinic. For much of the world, in a more clinically focused setting, these techniques are neither available nor absolutely necessary. Careful implementation of an empiric prescription based on stone composition would have an important effect to reduce stone recurrence in the world’s many stone formers. Increased fluid intake, generic dietary manipulations, and prescription of potassium citrate and thiazides are all appropriate empiric therapies for people with calcium and uric acid kidney stones.

中文翻译：

---

肾结石的经验疗法。

在揭示结石形成的化学基础方面，对患者进行仔细的表型分类以对患有肾结石的患者进行分类具有悠久而重要的历史。我们对肾结石的遗传学理解的进步将导致有关这种常见疾病的病理生理学的令人难以置信的见解。此时，在大学和研究型肾结石诊所的设置中，对尿液化学性质的评估和对患者的基因分型都非常有用。对于世界上的大多数地区，在更加注重临床的情况下，这些技术既不可用，也不是绝对必要的。认真执行基于石材成分的经验性处方将对减少世界上许多石材形成者中的石材复发具有重要作用。液体摄入量增加，饮食习惯控制，