Trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by the fungi of Fusarium genus. Consumers are particularly concerned over the toxicity and food safety of trichothecenes and their metabolites from food-producing animals. The metabolism of T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FX), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 3-acetyldeoxy-nivalenol (3-aDON), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-aDON) in rodents, swine, ruminants, poultry, and humans are reviewed in this article. Metabolic pathways of these mycotoxins are very different. The major metabolic pathways of T-2 toxin in animals are hydrolysis, hydroxylation, de-epoxidation, and conjugation. After being transformed to HT-2 toxin, it undergoes further hydroxylation at C-3' to yield 3'-hydroxy-HT-2 toxin, which is considered as an activation pathway, whereas transformation from T-2 to T-2 tetraol is an inactivation pathway in animals. The typical metabolites of T-2 toxin in animals are HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol, neosolaniol (NEO), 3'-hydroxy-HT-2, and 3'-hydroxy-T-2, whereas HT-2 toxin is the main metabolite in humans. De-epoxidation is an important pathway for detoxification in animals. De-epoxy products, DOM-1, and de-epoxy-NIV are the main metabolites of DON and NIV in most animals, respectively. However, the two metabolites are not found in humans. Deacetyl can occur rapidly on the acetyl derivatives, 3-aDON, 15-aDON, and FX. DAS is metabolized in animals to 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (15-MAS) via C-4 deacetylation and then transformed to scirpentriol (SCP) via C-15 deacetylation. Finally, the epoxy is lost, yielding de-epoxy-SCP. De-epoxy-15-MAS is also the main metabolite of DAS. 15-MAS is the main metabolite in human skin. The review on the metabolism of trichothecenes will help one to well understand the fate of these toxins' future in animals and humans, as well as provide basic information for the risk assessment of them for food safety.

中文翻译：

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毛霉菌素的代谢途径。

Trichothecenes是一组霉菌毒素，主要由镰刀菌属真菌产生。消费者特别关注食用动物中的毛霉菌及其代谢产物的毒性和食品安全性。T-2毒素，脱氧雪茄烯醇（DON），雪茄烯醇（NIV），氟沙隆-X（FX），二乙酰氧基scirpenol（DAS），3-乙酰基脱氧雪茄烯醇（3-aDON）和15-乙酰基脱氧雪茄烯醇（15-aDON）的代谢本文将对啮齿动物，猪，反刍动物，家禽和人类的危害进行综述。这些霉菌毒素的代谢途径非常不同。动物中T-2毒素的主要代谢途径是水解，羟基化，脱环氧化和结合。转化为HT-2毒素后，它会在C-3'处进一步羟基化，生成3'-羟基-HT-2毒素，这被认为是激活途径，从T-2转变为T-2四醇是动物的失活途径。动物中T-2毒素的典型代谢物是HT-2毒素，T-2三醇，T-2四醇，新茄尼醇（NEO），3'-羟基-HT-2和3'-羟基-T-2，而HT-2毒素是人类的主要代谢产物。脱环氧化是动物排毒的重要途径。在大多数动物中，脱环氧产物DOM-1和脱环氧NIV分别是DON和NIV的主要代谢产物。但是，这两种代谢物在人类中均未发现。脱乙酰基可以在乙酰基衍生物3-aDON，15-aDON和FX上快速发生。DAS在动物中通过C-4脱乙酰基代谢为15-单乙酰氧基松柏醇（15-MAS），然后通过C-15脱乙酰基转化为螺旋戊醇（SCP）。最后，环氧树脂丢失，产生脱环氧SCP。De-epoxy-15-MAS也是DAS的主要代谢产物。15-MAS是人类皮肤中的主要代谢产物。对毛霉菌毒素代谢的审查将有助于人们很好地了解这些毒素在动物和人类中的未来命运，并为食品安全性评估它们的风险提供基本信息。