Violent crime is a major cause of social instability, injury, and death in low- and middle-income countries. Longitudinal studies in high-income countries have provided important evidence on developmental precursors of violence and other antisocial behaviors. However, there may be unique influences or different risk factor effects in other social settings. Extensive searches in seven languages and screening of over 60,000 references identified 39 longitudinal studies of antisocial behavior in low- and middle-income countries. Many risk factors have roughly the same average effects as when studied in high-income countries. Stability of aggression over a 3-year period is almost identical across low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries. Dimensions of comorbid psychopathology such as low self-control, hyperactivity, and sensation seeking are associated with antisocial behavior in low- and middle-income countries, but some early physical health factors have consistently weak or null effects.

中文翻译：

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低收入和中等收入国家反社会行为的危险因素：纵向研究的系统回顾。


暴力犯罪是低收入和中等收入国家社会不稳定、伤害和死亡的主要原因。高收入国家的纵向研究为暴力和其他反社会行为的发展前兆提供了重要证据。然而，在其他社会环境中可能存在独特的影响或不同的风险因素效应。以七种语言进行广泛检索并筛选了 60,000 多个参考文献，确定了 39 项针对低收入和中等收入国家反社会行为的纵向研究。许多风险因素的平均影响与高收入国家研究的结果大致相同。低收入、中等收入国家和高收入国家三年期间的攻击稳定性几乎相同。低自我控制、多动和寻求感觉等共病精神病理学维度与低收入和中等收入国家的反社会行为有关，但一些早期身体健康因素的影响始终较弱或无效。