Pyrethroid-treated clothing is commonly worn for protection against mosquitoes; pyrethroids are both insecticides and repellents. Pyrethroid resistance has become increasingly common in Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, Zika, and other arboviruses, but it is not clear whether resistance is associated with reductions in repellency. In order to determine whether long-lasting permethrin impregnated (LLPI) clothing is protective, we used Aedes aegypti from New Orleans, LA (pyrethroid-sensitive) and San Juan, PR (resistant) to measure both lethality and repellency. PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to confirm resistance status by detecting mutations in the kdr gene at positions 1016 and 1534. Arm-in-cage trials of 100 Aedes aegypti females from both populations were performed for 10 minutes to bare arm or an arm clothed in untreated military camouflage or military camouflage impregnated with deltamethrin, permethrin, or etofenprox. Trials were repeated 4-5 times on different days. Number of landings, number of blood meals, and immediate and 24-hour mortality were recorded. Mortality was extremely low in all trials. Compared to untreated cloth, mosquitoes demonstrated a trend towards a 2%-63% reduction in landings and a statistically significant 78-100% reduction in blood feeding on pyrethroid-treated cloth for most insecticides. Effects were observed in both pyrethroid-sensitive and pyrethroid-resistant mosquito populations. Our data show that kdr mutations are associated with pyrethroid resistance but are likely not the only contributors. Pyrethroids appear to maintain repellent effect against resistant mosquitoes. This finding suggests that even in places where pyrethroid resistance is widespread, permethrin still has a role for use as a repellent on clothing to protect against mosquito bites.

中文翻译：

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拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对埃及伊蚊的抗击倒性种群保持驱避作用。

拟除虫菊酯处理过的衣服通常用于防止蚊子。拟除虫菊酯既是杀虫剂又是驱蚊剂。在埃及伊蚊，登革热，寨卡病毒和其他虫媒病毒的载体中，拟除虫菊酯的抗药性已变得越来越普遍，但尚不清楚抗药性是否与驱避力降​​低有关。为了确定持久性氯菊酯浸渍（LLPI）服装是否具有防护性，我们使用了路易斯安那州新奥尔良的Aedes aegypti（对拟除虫菊酯敏感）和PR的圣胡安（抗药性）来测量杀伤力和防护性。PCR和Sanger测序用于通过检测1016和1534位的kdr基因突变来确认耐药状态。对来自这两个种群的100头埃及伊蚊进行笼养试验，进行10分钟的裸露手臂或手臂穿上未经处理的军用迷彩或用溴氰菊酯，氯菊酯或etofenprox浸渍的军用迷彩的10分钟。在不同的日子重复试验4-5次。记录着陆次数，血餐次数以及即时和24小时死亡率。在所有试验中死亡率极低。与未经处理的布相比，对于大多数杀虫剂来说，蚊虫的着陆量有减少2％-63％的趋势，而经拟除虫菊酯处理的布上的采血量有统计上的显着减少78-100％。在对拟除虫菊酯敏感和对拟除虫菊酯耐药的蚊子种群中均观察到了影响。我们的数据表明kdr突变与拟除虫菊酯抗药性有关，但可能不是唯一的原因。拟除虫菊酯似乎对抗药性蚊子保持驱避作用。这一发现表明，即使在广泛存在拟除虫菊酯抗药性的地方，苄氯菊酯仍具有用作衣物驱蚊剂的作用，以防止蚊虫叮咬。