Bioconjugation and functionalization of polymer surfaces are two major tasks in materials chemistry which are accomplished using a variety of coupling agents. Immobilization of biomolecules onto polymer surfaces and the construction of bioconjugates are essential requirements of many biochemical assays and chemical syntheses. Different linkers with a variety of functional groups are used for these purposes. Among them, the benzophenones, aryldiazirines, and arylazides represent the most commonly used photolinker to produce the desired chemical linkage upon their photo-irradiation. In this review, we describe the versatile applications of 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide, one of the oldest photolinkers used for photoaffinity labeling in the late 1960s. Surprisingly, this photolinker, historically known as 1-fluoro-2-nitro-4-azidobenzene (FNAB), has remained unexplored for a long time because of apprehension that FNAB forms ring-expanded dehydroazepine as a major product and hence cannot activate an inert polymer. The first evidence of photochemical activation of an inert surface by FNAB through nitrene insertion reaction was reported in 2001, and the FNAB-activated surface was found to conjugate a biomolecule without any catalyst, reagent, or modification. FNAB has distinct advantages over perfluorophenyl azide derivatives, which are contemporary nitrene-generating photolinkers, because of its simple, single-step preparation and ease of thermochemical and photochemical reactions with versatile polymers and biomolecules. Covering these aspects, the present review highlights the flexible chemistry of FNAB and its applications in the field of surface engineering, immobilization of biomolecules such as antibodies, enzymes, cells, carbohydrates, oligonucleotides, and DNA aptamers, and rapid diagnostics. Graphical Abstract An overview of the FNAB-engineered activated polymer surfaces for covalent ligation of versatile biomolecules.

中文翻译：

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探索4-氟-3-硝基苯叠氮化物用于生物分子固定和生物结合的柔性化学。

聚合物表面的生物共轭和功能化是材料化学中的两个主要任务，可使用多种偶联剂完成。将生物分子固定在聚合物表面上和构建生物缀合物是许多生化测定和化学合成的基本要求。具有这些官能团的不同接头用于这些目的。其中，二苯甲酮，芳基二嗪和芳基叠氮化物是最常用的光敏交联剂，在它们的光辐照下可产生所需的化学键。在这篇综述中，我们描述了4-氟-3-硝基苯基叠氮化物的多用途应用，4-氟-3-硝基苯基叠氮化物是用于1960年代后期的光亲和标记的最古老的光连接剂之一。出乎意料的是，这种光链接器，历史上称为1-氟-2-硝基-4-叠氮基苯（FNAB），由于担心FNAB会形成环膨胀的脱氢氮杂as作为主要产物，因此不能活化惰性聚合物，因此长期未开发。2001年报道了FNAB通过腈插入反应对惰性表面进行光化学活化的第一个证据，发现FNAB活化的表面无需任何催化剂，试剂或修饰即可缀合生物分子。FNAB相对于全氟苯基叠氮化物衍生物具有明显的优势，全氟苯基叠氮化物衍生物是当代产生腈的光交联剂，因为它的制备简单，只需一步，并且易于与通用聚合物和生物分子进行热化学和光化学反应。涵盖这些方面，本综述重点介绍了FNAB的柔性化学及其在表面工程领域中的应用，固定抗体，酶，细胞，碳水化合物，寡核苷酸和DNA适体等生物分子，并进行快速诊断。图形摘要用于多功能生物分子共价连接的FNAB工程活化聚合物表面的概述。