全氟烷基膦酸和次膦酸（PFPA和PFPiAs）对环境的危害和暴露的比较评估：当前的知识，差距，挑战和研究需求。,Environment International

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全氟烷基膦酸和次膦酸（PFPA和PFPiAs）对环境的危害和暴露的比较评估：当前的知识，差距，挑战和研究需求。
Environment International ( IF 10.3 ) Pub Date : 2016-02-29 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.023
Zhanyun Wang ₁ , Ian T Cousins ₂ , Urs Berger ₃ , Konrad Hungerbühler ₁ , Martin Scheringer ₄

Affiliation

全氟烷基膦酸和次膦酸（PFPA和PFPiAs）是全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的子类，自1970年代以来就已商业化，特别是用作农药制剂中的消泡剂和消费品中的润湿剂。最近，在某些应用中，C4 / C4 PFPiA及其衍生物已被提出作为长链PFAS的替代品。在这项研究中，我们系统地评估了有关PFPA和PFPiAs的危险特性，发生和暴露途径的公开信息，并与它们更知名的羧酸和磺酸类似物（即PFCA和PFSA）的相应特性进行了比较。这项比较评估表明，[i] PFPA可能具有很高的持久性和远距离运输潜力；[ii]在环境和生物区系中，PFPiAs可能会转化为PFPA（可能还有PFCA）；[iii]与长链PFCA和PFSA相似，某些PFPA和PFPiA只能从虹鳟鱼和大鼠中缓慢消除；[iv] PFPA和PFPiA的作用模式与PFCA和PFSA的作用模式既相似又不同。[v]与PFCA和PFSA相比，在全球环境和生物区系中测得的PFPA / PFPiA的水平似乎较低，这表明暂时而言，仅PFPA和PFPiA的风险较低。尽管目前来自各个PFPA / PFPiA的风险较低，但它们的持续生产和使用以及持久性高，将随着时间的流逝而增加暴露和风险。此外，同时接触PFPA，PFPiAs和其他PFAS可能会导致累加效应，需要进行累积风险评估。

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Comparative assessment of the environmental hazards of and exposure to perfluoroalkyl phosphonic and phosphinic acids (PFPAs and PFPiAs): Current knowledge, gaps, challenges and research needs.

Perfluoroalkyl phosphonic and phosphinic acids (PFPAs and PFPiAs) are sub-groups of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that have been commercialized since the 1970s, particularly as defoamers in pesticide formulations and wetting agents in consumer products. Recently, C4/C4 PFPiA and its derivatives have been presented as alternatives to long-chain PFASs in certain applications. In this study, we systematically assess the publicly available information on the hazardous properties, occurrence, and exposure routes of PFPAs and PFPiAs, and make comparisons to the corresponding properties of their better-known carboxylic and sulfonic acid analogs (i.e. PFCAs and PFSAs). This comparative assessment indicates that [i] PFPAs likely have high persistence and long-range transport potential; [ii] PFPiAs may transform to PFPAs (and possibly PFCAs) in the environment and biota; [iii] certain PFPAs and PFPiAs can only be slowly eliminated from rainbow trout and rats, similarly to long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs; [iv] PFPAs and PFPiAs have modes-of-action that are both similar to, and different from, those of PFCAs and PFSAs; and [v] the measured levels of PFPAs/PFPiAs in the global environment and biota appear to be low in comparison to PFCAs and PFSAs, suggesting, for the time being, low risks from PFPAs and PFPiAs alone. Although risks from individual PFPAs/PFPiAs are currently low, their ongoing production and use and high persistence will lead to increasing exposure and risks over time. Furthermore, simultaneous exposure to PFPAs, PFPiAs and other PFASs may result in additive effects necessitating cumulative risk assessments. To facilitate effective future research, we highlight possible strategies to overcome sampling and analytical challenges.

更新日期：2019-11-01

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