Phthalates, compounds used to add flexibility to plastics, are ubiquitous in the environment. In particular, the diethyl (DEP), di-n-propyl (DnPP), and di-n-butyl (DBP) phthalates were found to exert detrimental effects in both mammalian and non-mammalian studies, with toxic effects varying according to alkyl chain length. Embryos of Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog, have been used to assess toxicity and teratogenicity of several compounds and serves as a model for assessing adverse and teratogenic effects of ortho-phthalate esters. The purpose of this study was to develop a model for comparison of developmentally toxic effects of ortho-phthalate esters using Xenopus embryos. In this study developing Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to increasing concentrations of DEP, DnPP, and DBP using the 96-h Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX), with 96-h lethal concentrations, effective concentrations to induce malformations, teratogenic indices, and concentrations to inhibit growth determined. DEP, DnPP, and DBP showed enhanced toxicity with increasing ester length. Developing Xenopus laevis exposed to DEP, DnPP, and DBP showed similar malformations that also occurred at lower concentrations with increasing alkyl chain length. Teratogenic risk did not change markedly with alkyl chain length, with data showing only DBP to be teratogenic.

中文翻译：

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使用非洲爪蟾胚胎评估三种邻苯二甲酸酯，邻苯二甲酸二乙酯，邻苯二甲酸二正丙酯和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯的毒性和致畸性差异。

邻苯二甲酸酯是用来增加塑料柔韧性的化合物，在环境中无处不在。特别是，发现邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP），邻苯二甲酸二正丙酯（DnPP）和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DBP）在哺乳动物和非哺乳动物研究中均具有有害作用，其毒性根据烷基的不同而不同。链长。非洲爪蛙非洲爪蟾的胚胎已用于评估几种化合物的毒性和致畸性，并用作评估邻苯二甲酸酯的不良和致畸作用的模型。这项研究的目的是建立一个模型，用于比较非洲爪蟾胚胎对邻苯二甲酸酯的发育毒性作用。在这项研究中，非洲爪蟾胚胎发育中的DEP，DnPP，以及使用96小时Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Aseno-Xenopus（FETAX）的96小时致死浓度，诱导畸形的有效浓度，致畸指数和抑制生长的浓度来确定DBP。DEP，DnPP和DBP随着酯长度的增加而显示出增强的毒性。暴露于DEP，DnPP和DBP的非洲爪蟾显示出类似的畸形，这些畸形也随着烷基链长度的增加而在较低的浓度下发生。致畸风险没有随烷基链长度的变化而显着变化，数据显示只有DBP具有致畸性。DBP和DBP显示出相似的畸形，在较低浓度下也会随着烷基链长度的增加而发生。致畸风险没有随烷基链长度的变化而显着变化，数据显示只有DBP具有致畸性。DBP和DBP表现出相似的畸形，这些畸形也随着烷基链长度的增加而在较低浓度下发生。致畸风险没有随烷基链长度的变化而显着变化，数据表明只有DBP具有致畸性。