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Diazafluorenone-Promoted Oxidation Catalysis: Insights into the Role of Bidentate Ligands in Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic Aza-Wacker Reactions
ACS Catalysis ( IF 11.3 ) Pub Date : 2016-04-25 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00953
Paul B. White 1 , Jonathan N. Jaworski 1 , Geyunjian Harry Zhu 1 , Shannon S. Stahl 1
Affiliation  

2,2′-Bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and related bidentate ligands often inhibit homogeneous Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions; however, certain derivatives, such as 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF), can promote catalysis. In order to gain insight into this divergent ligand behavior, eight different bpy- and phen-derived chelating ligands have been evaluated in the Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of (E)-4-hexenyltosylamide. Two of the ligands, DAF and 6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (6,6′-Me2bpy), support efficient catalytic turnover, while the others strongly inhibit the reaction. DAF is especially effective and is the only ligand that exhibits “ligand-accelerated catalysis”. Evidence suggests that the utility of DAF and 6,6′-Me2bpy originates from the ability of these ligands to access κ1-coordination modes via dissociation of one of the pyridyl rings. This hemilabile character is directly observed by NMR spectroscopy upon adding 1 equiv of pyridine to solutions of 1/1 L/Pd(OAc)2 (L = DAF, 6,6′-Me2bpy) and is further supported by the X-ray crystal structure of Pd(py)(κ1-DAF)OAc2. DFT computational studies illuminate the influence of three different chelating ligands (DAF, 6,6′-Me2bpy, and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-Me2phen)) on the energetics of the aza-Wacker reaction pathway. The results show that DAF and 6,6′-Me2bpy destabilize the corresponding ground-state Pd(N∼N)(OAc)2 complexes, while stabilizing the rate-limiting transition state for alkene insertion into a Pd–N bond. Interconversion between κ2 and κ1 coordination modes facilitates access to open coordination sites at the PdII center. The insights from these studies introduce new ligand concepts that could promote numerous other classes of Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions.

中文翻译:

二氮杂芴酮促进的氧化催化:双齿配体在Pd催化的好氧Aza-Wacker反应中的作用的见解。

2,2'-联吡啶(bpy),1,10-菲咯啉(phen)和相关的二齿配体通常会抑制均相Pd催化的需氧氧化反应;但是,某些衍生物,例如4,5-二氮杂芴-9-一(DAF),可以促进催化作用。为了深入了解这种不同的配体行为,已在(E)-4-己烯基甲苯磺酰胺的Pd(OAc)2催化的氧化环化反应中评估了8种不同的bpy和phen衍生的螯合配体。其中两个配体DAF和6,6'-二甲基-2,2'-联吡啶(6,6'-Me 2 bpy)支持有效的催化转化,而其他配体则强烈抑制该反应。DAF特别有效,并且是唯一表现出“配体加速催化”的配体。有证据表明DAF和6,6'-Me的效用2个从这些配位体的访问κ的能力源自BPY 1种-coordination模式经由吡啶基环中的一个的解离。在向1/1 L / Pd(OAc)2(L = DAF,6,6'-Me 2 bpy)的溶液中添加1当量的吡啶后,可通过NMR光谱法直接观察到这种半不稳定的特征,并进一步由X-加入Pd(吡啶)(κ的射线晶体结构1 -DAF)OAC 2。DFT计算研究阐明了三种不同的螯合配体(DAF,6,6'-Me 2 bpy和2,9-二甲基-1,10-菲咯啉(2,9-Me 2 phen))对高能态的影响。氮杂-瓦克反应途径。结果表明DAF和6,6'-Me 2bpy使相应的基态Pd(N〜N)(OAc)2配合物不稳定,同时稳定烯烃插入Pd-N键的限速过渡态。相互之间κ 2和κ 1种模式有利于获得开放的配位点在PD II中心。这些研究的见识引入了新的配体概念,这些概念可以促进其他许多类别的Pd催化的需氧氧化反应。
更新日期:2016-04-25
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