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Journal of Thermal Science 太阳能技术专栏
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1.热管式光伏/光热系统综述
标题：A Review on the Heat Pipe Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) System
中文导读：光伏/光热系统(PV/T)将传统的PV板与太阳能集热器结合在一起，构成一个集成系统，可同时实现发电和供热的功能。近年来，它已成为建筑应用中最有前途的太阳能系统。大多数PV/T系统以水作为冷却剂，此设计在冬天可能导致结冻。为了克服这个问题，热管式PV/T系统被提出，其可稳定地提供电能和热能，且没有季节性障碍。尽管一些已发表的综述论文涉及了热管式PV/T系统，但他们将其视为综述内容一小部分，仅仅做了简单介绍。本文以热管PV/T系统为主，对其性能进行全面而深入的分析。首先简要介绍了热管式PV/T模块和结合系统的结构、工作原理。然后分析了不同类型的热管式PV/T系统（即整体热管，回路热管和脉动热管PV/T系统）的特性和性能。接下来对热管PV/T模块结合系统性能进行评估。最后，分析了该领域的研究不足，并提出了一些未来的研究趋势和方向。
2.储能型太阳能热泵系统的实验研究
标题：Experimental Analysis of a Solar Energy Storage Heat Pump System
DOI：10.1007/s11630-021-1426-3
中文导读：本文提出了一种储能型太阳能热泵混合系统，并针对系统的关键部件建立了数学模型，包括太阳能蒸发器，冷凝器，相变储能罐和压缩机等。在理论模型的基础上，搭建了太阳能热泵耦合系统的实验测试平台。实验结果表明，该系统能够满足如中国吉林省延边市等寒冷天气地区的供热需求。在白天运行时，太阳能热泵系统会将多余的能量存储在相变储能罐中，保证系统全天稳定运行，且系统平均COP为4.5。在夜间运行中，存储在相变储能罐的能量通过相变材料再次释放，从而确保建筑内部连续供热10小时以上，且室内空气温度始终高于18℃。
3.太阳能驱动的膜式溶液梯度蓄能实验研究
标题： Experimentation of a Membrane-based Concentration Gradient Energy Storage of Liquid Desiccant Solutions Driven by Solar Energy
中文导读：太阳能蓄能对可再生能源的持续利用至关重要。其中，蓄能容量大、热损失低、环境友好以及可长期储存是太阳能持续利用的关键。传统蓄热方式即使在良好保温条件下也会因为热损失难以长期储存。本文提出了一种基于膜浓缩的溶液梯度蓄能方法，在良好的太阳辐射条件下，除湿剂溶液逐渐浓缩并作为浓度梯度能而长期储存。首先，在2018年5月至9月期间，持续测量了不同气候条件下西安地区的太阳能热水的温度，在40℃～90℃之间。其次，分别在42℃～63℃的温度范围内，将50%的LiBr溶液、35%的LiCl溶液和40%的CaCl2进行了膜浓缩实验。结果表明，膜两侧的水蒸气压差是影响膜传质的决定性因素。溶液的储能密度随溶液温度和膜面积的增大而提高。因此，当LiBr、LiCl和CaCl2溶液分别从50%到55%、35%到40%和40%到45%时，溶液梯度储能密度分别为245 kJ/kg、350 kJ/kg和306kJ/kg，相当于冰蓄能的蓄能容量。同时，由于溶液和空气是两个独立的封闭循环，溶液不会对空气形成污染，溶液的浓度梯度储能无需任何保温措施，可长期环保储存。
4.一种光伏/热子系统与由太阳能槽式集热器驱动的有机朗肯循环相耦合的新型系统的性能评价与优化
标题：Performance Evaluation and Optimization of a Novel System Combining a Photovoltaic/Thermal Subsystem & an Organic Rankine Cycle Driven by Solar Parabolic Trough Collector
中文导读：本文提出了一种由太阳能槽式集热器（PTC）驱动的有机朗肯循环（ORC）与光伏/热（PV/T）子系统相结合的新型耦合系统。初步建立了新型耦合系统的数学模型，在此基础上，讨论了两种集热器（PV/T和PTC）面积比例对系统性能的影响。结果表明，PV/T与槽式集热器的最佳面积比为8:2，此时可以获得最大的能量输出。此外，对耦合系统和两个独立系统（PV/T和ORC系统）的性能进行了比较分析。结果表明，与其他两个独立系统相比，该耦合系统可靠性更高，其总输出能量（热能和电能）最大。在稳态模拟中，耦合系统的太阳能利用效率比其他两个独立系统提高了40%。在动态仿真中，耦合系统单位面积集热器的年输出能量比其他两个独立系统高约13%。此外，在典型日动态模拟中，所提出的耦合系统与独立的PV/T系统相比，光伏板温度降低了5-7℃，这意味着光伏板的发电效率可提高1.5%-3.5%。本研究旨在探讨新型太阳能利用耦合系统的运行特性，推动可再生能源利用模式的发展，为相关能源系统的设计与优化提供参考。
5.积尘对线性菲涅尔反射镜反射率的影响
标题： Influence of Dust Accumulation on the Solar Reflectivity of a Linear Fresnel Reflector
中文导读：太阳能聚光集热系统常年置于户外运行，聚光器表面沉积灰尘会降低其光学性能。本文针对小型线性菲涅尔聚光集热系统的镜面积尘问题，使用紫外分光光度计、扫描电子显微镜以及X射线衍射仪分别测试了反射镜积尘前后的相对反射率和灰尘的物理化学特性，结果表明：随积尘时间的增加，镜面的积尘密度逐渐增大，相对反射率逐渐减小，在积尘48天中，积尘密度每增加1g/m2，相对反射率平均下降9.4%；随着反射镜倾角的减小，镜面的积尘密度增大，相对反射率减小；积尘会导致铝镜的相对反射率下降比银镜更严重；试验地区灰尘颗粒的主要成分是SiO2，自然积尘的粒径范围是0.9μm-87μm；依据灰尘的物理化学性质及其对反射镜的遮挡机理，提出了自然积尘对线性菲涅尔聚光反射镜相对反射率影响的预测模型，预测结果与试验结果偏差约为1%。
6.太阳辐射能与接收器之间光热作用过程的㶲分析
标题：Exergy Analysis of Photo-Thermal Interaction Process between Solar Radiation Energy and Solar Receiver
中文导读：统一的非平衡态辐射热力学理论一直在探索中，因为它对太阳能利用有重要的意义。本文对太阳辐射能与太阳接收器的光热作用过程进行了㶲分析。对非平衡态辐射热力学系统进行了描述，并介绍了太阳辐射与太阳接收器光热相互作用的热力学过程。给出了光热过程的能量、㶲和熵方程，并给出了非聚光和太阳能聚光条件下太阳能接收器最佳接收温度的计算公式。选取一个简单的太阳能接收器作为计算实例开展了非聚光条件下的㶲分析。另外，开展了太阳聚光对太阳能热利用中太阳能接收器热力学性能的影响分析。分析结果表明，在太阳能热利用过程中，提高太阳能聚光比可以提高太阳能吸热器的输出㶲通量和㶲效率。本文给出的公式和分析结果可为非平衡态辐射热力学理论的深入研究和太阳能热利用提供一定的理论参考。
7.基于透氢膜的太阳能环己烷脱氢用以高效转换和存储太阳
标题：Cyclohexane Dehydrogenation in Solar-Driven Hydrogen Permeation Membrane Reactor for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion and Storage
中文导读：太阳能驱动的膜反应器环己烷脱氢可以直接从环己烷生产纯净的氢气和苯，并将低品位的太阳热能存储为高品位的化学能。本文通过数值模拟分析了气体分压，环己烷转化率和反应器能效的变化规律，研究了在四个温度（200℃，250℃，300℃和350℃）和四个分离压力（0.050 MPa，0.025 MPa，0.010 MPa和0.001 MPa）下环己烷的脱氢过程。由于反应平衡随着氢气分离向正向移动，本研究可以在中低温实现环己烷的完全转化（>99.9％）。系统热力学第一定律效率，太阳能制燃料效率以及㶲效率可分别高达94.69％，46.93％和93.08％。该研究表明，将中低温太阳能集热技术与膜反应器集成的环己烷脱氢系统具有可行性，同时本研究为太阳能储能未来发展提供了新思路。
8.具有仿树叶等级孔结构的相变胶囊堆积床系统的热性能分析
标题：Thermal Performance Analysis of PCM Capsules Packed-Bed System with Biomimetic Leaf Hierarchical Porous Structure
中文导读：树叶的等级孔结构作为一种高效的自然选择养分运输系统，在物质运输和能量传递方面具有独特的优势。仿生叶层状多孔结构在太阳能热化学反应、光催化、储能等方面有着广泛的应用。为了提高系统热效率，降低运行能耗，本文介绍了一种具有仿树叶等级孔结构的潜热蓄热堆积床系统。在孔隙率相同的情况下，潜热储热单元的直径设计为沿流动方向变化以优化其热性能。对比分析了速度对传统单尺寸模型和仿树叶等级孔模型在温度分布、压降、融化速率和蓄热能力的差异。结果表明，与传统的单尺寸模型相比，仿树叶等级孔结构可以使堆积床的温跃层厚度变薄，压降减小，换热面积增大，热响应提高。在本文模拟中，系统的压降降低25pa、融化速率和完成率的最大增幅分别为36.6%和20.3%。上熔点温跃层的厚度最大降幅为51.7%。这些结果为在实际条件下优化潜热蓄热堆积床系统和改善其热性能提供了建议。
9.低GWP工质R1233zd(E)和R1336mzz (Z)在太阳能驱动喷射压缩复合制冷循环中应用前景评估
标题：Prospect Evaluation of Low-GWP Refrigerants R1233zd(E) and R1336mzz(Z) Used in Solar-Driven Ejector-Vapor Compression Hybrid Refrigeration System
中文导读：本文理论研究了R1233zd(E) 和R1336mzz(Z)应用于太阳能驱动的喷射-压缩复合制冷循环系统的引射系数，泵功，换热器热负荷。通过与当前广泛应用的R245fa对比，评估了该两种新型工质的应用前景。结果表明，当系统采用R1233zd(E)和R1336mzz(Z)作为工质时， 系统具有较高的引射系数和较低的泵功。R1233zd(E) 和R1336mzz(Z)系统的泵功可比245fa系统低14.59%和38.05%。同时，R1233zd(E) 系统具有最高的COPthermal，其后为R245fa和R1336mzz(Z)。R1233zd(E)系统和R1336mzz(Z)系统，R1233zd(E)系统和R245fa系统的差别分别为4.33%和2.0%。本文期待能够成为评估R1233zd(E) 和R1336mzz(Z)系统的重要参考。
10.水基-氧化锌纳米流体稳定性，导热系数及光热转化性能研究
标题： Stability, Thermal Conductivity and Photothermal Conversion Performance of Water-Based ZnO Nanofluids
中文导读：通过两步法制备了水基-氧化锌纳米流体，并就分散剂种类及质量分数对纳米流体的稳定性及颗粒大小分布的影响进行了探究。利用紫外-可见光-近红外分光光度计对纳米流体的光谱透射率进行了测量验证。建立了纳米流体导热系数与温度及纳米颗粒质量分数的拟合关联式，并与已有模型进行了对比。利用理论及实验方法对三种光程下纳米流体的光热转化性能进行了研究。结果表明：相同条件下以CTAB作为分散剂所制备的纳米流体相较于SDBS及GA具有更好的物理稳定性；温度对纳米流体导热系数的影响随着纳米颗粒质量分数的增加愈加突出，特别是在55-75℃的范围内；测得所制备纳米流体的最大导热系数为0.9488 W/mK @75℃，同条件下较水提高了43.61%；所测纳米流体最小导热系数为0.6376 W/mK @25℃，同条件下较水提高了5.16%。所制纳米流体平均最大光热转化效率为0.47，同条件下较水(0.2)提高了135%，最大SAR值为527.5 W/g，在保证光谱选择性吸收的同时具有良好的光热转化性能。
11.一种太阳能单罐储热系统的传热特性实验与数值模拟研究
标题：Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Performance of a Solar Single Storage Tank
中文导读：太阳能单罐潜热储能系统主要由两个传热过程组成，首先是相变材料的蓄热过程，另外是相变材料放载过程。本文为了进一步研究石蜡基太阳能单罐的传热性能，设计提出一种新型太阳能单罐蓄热系统，同时采用FLUENT进行了数值模拟。结果显示：实验与数值结果吻合较好。本文为了得到石蜡在单罐中的传热规律，对单罐系统的长径比、熔化温度和电加热器的加热功率进行了数值分析。结果也表明，长径比越大，换热越不均匀。当单罐的系统长径比从2.8降低到1.1时，液体分数从61.83%增加到76.47%。石蜡的熔化温度越高，相变材料达到稳定状态的时间越长。在单罐底层，液体加热的曲率大于固体加热的曲率。当总功率一定时，加热功率对罐内传热影响不大。本文的研究将为今后单罐系统的优化设计提供理论指导。
12.太阳能与相近品位生物质能资源整合机理探讨
标题：Discussion on the Mechanism of Source Integration between Solar Energy and Biomass Energy with Similar Grades
Abstract: The clean transformation of the China’s energy structure is related to the establishment of China as an energy power in the new world pattern. The multi-energy systems based on renewable energy, especially solar energy and biomass energy, have become a popular energy supply mode. However, there is no clear theoretical guidance for the quantitative source integration of these two types of clean energy. Concretely, whether the source grades of solar energy and biomass energy are similar in different solar energy modes has not been considered yet. Aiming at this problem, based on the theory of space-time unity of the special theory of relativity, a new principle of source integration is proposed, and the corresponding mathematical model is established. The theoretical calculation of the combination of solar energy and different types of biomass energy is carried out. Under the premise of the similarity between the source grades of different biomass energy and solar energy, the specific solar energy concentration ratio is obtained. According to this principle, the matching efficiency of the multi-energy integration for rice and corn plants can be increased by 39.2% and 36.2%, respectively.
13.基于线性菲涅耳反射器的CSP系统建模与性能仿真
标题：Modeling and Performance Simulation of an Innovative Concept of Linear Fresnel Reflector based CSP System
Abstract: Concentrating solar power technology is one of the most promising alternative energy technologies. In recent past, Linear Fresnel Reflector systems have received great attention and novel designs have been proposed keeping in view the objective to enhance its functionality and performance. For achieving the same objective, this study presents a novel concept where a conventional LFR is enclosed in a greenhouse called greenhouse-LFR. It was expected that such an enclosure can: (1) increase the incoming solar radiation, (2) further improve the overall efficiency due to simplified cleaning process and (3) reduce the capital cost for the construction of LFR support system. A complete thermal and optical analysis was presented for modeling and performance evaluation of the solar field of both conventional-LFR and novel greenhouse-LFR. Sets of non-linear equations foreach system were solved using Newton-Raphson method. More detailed optical analysis was further performed for conventional-LFR considering the seasonal variations. The results concluded that the greenhouse-LFR is better than the conventional-LFR as it had higher efficiency and useful heat with lesser heat losses. For greenhouse-LFR, the maximum thermal efficiency was 73.2% whereas for conventional-LFR it was 37.2%. Also, there was an average increase of useful heat by 3 times in the month of February and 4.7 times in the month of September. SolTraceTM analysis indicated significant spillage loss when a conventional-LFR was used without a secondary reflector or slight curvature of the mirrors.
14.PVT空气集热器关键参数影响的数值和实验研究：质量流量和管道深度
标题：Numerical and Experimental Study of the Impact of Key Parameters on a PVT Air Collector: Mass Flow Rate and Duct Depth
Abstract: The PVT-air solar system simultaneously generates electrical and thermal energy. Therefore, increasing the cost-effectiveness of the system requires an appropriate choice of key parameters such as mass flow rate and air channel depth. In this paper, a PVT-air kit of a single module with a 30° slope was used to measure photovoltaic electricity and air heating power in the city of Sfax, Tunisia. Besides, a computer method was implemented using the ANSYS Fluent 17.0 software and the MATLAB program to analyse the properties of the airflow and to characterise PVT-air yields under different mass flow rates and depths. Fromthe comparison of numerical and experimental data, the numerical method was validated with a good agreement. Indeed, we have found that increasing of the airflow rate improves the thermal efficiency with a slight change on electrical output. However, the reduction in depth shows an improvement on thermal efficiency and a negligible effect on electrical efficiency. Also, we have presented the thermal and electrical performance of PVT-air as a function of the key parameters with the Hottel-Whillier-Bliss formulation.
15.用于太阳能接收管强化传热的轴向定向结构多孔层
标题：Axially Oriented Structured Porous Layers for Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Solar Receiver Tube
Abstract: The present work reports a numerical investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in a solar receiver tube with different shaped porous media for laminar and low Reynolds number turbulent flow regimes. Numerical simulations have been performed with finite volume-based code ANSYS (v-2017) for different shapes of porous layers axially oriented in the tube. The plain-shaped porous medium fitted up to 50% of the tube shows better performance than other-shaped porous layers. Simulations have also been performed for axially oriented structured porous media with different sizes. Axially oriented structured porous medium develops a lateral flow disturbance enhancing the intermixing of the liquid and porous medium at their interface. Structured porous medium with a 3-crest configuration shows the best heat transfer performance among all the shapes of porous media. It offers a maximum of 148% heat transfer enhancement compared to a half-filled plain porous layer, whereas it reports a maximum of 564% enhancement compared to the flow without a porous layer. The lateral flow tendency or the swirling effect helps better heat transfer performance in the axially oriented structured porous media. Performance evaluation criterion (PEC) in all types of porous media is more in the transitional flow regime than in the laminar and turbulent flow regimes. For the same operating conditions, the maximum value of the PEC in the present work is 120% higher than the maximum value of PEC for other-shaped porous media reported in the literature. Correlations for Nusselt number have been developed for both laminar and turbulent flow regimes for three crests shaped porous medium.
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