Toxins (ISSN 2072-6651) is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal which provides an advanced forum for studies related to toxins and toxicology. It publishes reviews, regular research papers and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the maximum length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. There are, in addition, unique features of this journal:

manuscripts regarding research proposals and research ideas will be particularly welcomed
electronic files or software regarding the full details of the calculation and experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary material
we also accept manuscripts communicating to a broader audience with regard to research projects financed with public funds
Subject Areas
This journal covers studies related to

All kinds of toxins (biotoxins) from animals, microbes and plants

aflatoxins
exotoxins
endotoxins
neurotoxins
necrotoxins
hemotoxins
mycotoxins
phototoxins
any other toxin and venom
Toxinology

Toxicology including

forensic toxicology
food toxicology
clinical toxicology
biochemical toxicology
systemic toxicology

Editorial Board
Editorial Board
Animal Venoms Section
Bacterial Toxins Section
Marine and Freshwater Toxins Section
Mycotoxins Section
Plant Toxins Section
Uremic Toxins Section
Editors (8)
Prof. Jay Fox E-Mail Website 
Editor-in-Chief
Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Tel. 4349240050 
Interests: Snake venom metalloproteinases, SVMPs, ADAMs, Disintegrins, Pathophysiology/Histology, Hemorrhagic toxins, Coagulopathy, Disintegrin-like/Cysteine-rich domains
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Dr. Michel R. Popoff * E-Mail 
Section Editor-in-Chief


Bacteries Anaerobies et Toxines, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75724, France
Tel. 33 1 45688307; Fax: +33 1 40613123 
Interests: bacterial protein toxins; clostridial toxins; pore-forming toxins; cellular uptake of bacterial toxins; Rho-GTPases; interactions of clostridial toxins with the actin cytoskeleton; botulinum neurotoxins; passage of the neurotoxins through epithelial barrier; regulation of clostridial toxin synthesis
* Section 'Bacterial Toxins' 
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Assoc. Prof. Bryan Grieg Fry * E-Mail Website 
Section Editor-in-Chief


Venom Evolution Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
Tel. 61400193182 
Interests: venom molecular evolution; phylogenetics and structure-function relationships; toxins
* Section 'Animal Venoms' 
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Sarah De De Saeger * E-Mail Website 
Section Editor-in-Chief


Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 
Tel. +32 9 2648137 
* Section 'Mycotoxins' 
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Vitor Manuel Oliveira Vasconcelos * E-Mail Website 
Section Editor-in-Chief


Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
Tel. +351 223401814; Fax: +351 223380609 
Interests: cyanobacteria; toxins; cyanotoxins; marine biotechnology; secondary metabolites; cyanobacterial blooms; ecotoxicology; environmental contamination
* Section 'Marine and Freshwater Toxins' 
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Dr. Nilgun E. Tumer * E-Mail Website 
Section Editor-in-Chief


Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
Tel. 848-932-6358 
Interests: plant, bacterial and fungal toxins, ribosome inactivating proteins, toxin ribosome interactions, toxin mechanism of action, toxin-host interactions
* Section: Plant Toxins 
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. R. Vanholder * E-Mail 
Section Editor-in-Chief


Nephrology Section, 0K12, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Tel. ++32475612751 
Interests: uremia, chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, adequacy of dialysis, acute kidney injury
* Section: Uremic Toxins 
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Med. Florian Lang * E-Mail 
Founding Editor-in-Chief


Physiologisches Institut I, Universität Tübingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
Fax: +49 (0)7071 29 5618 
Interests: mechanisms and clinical significance of cell volume regulation; erythrocyte death signaling; serum-and glucocorticoid inducible kinase isoforms; physiology and pharmacology of human ion channels and carriers expressed in oocytes; host cell physiology in hostpathogen interaction; mechanisms of apoptotic cell death
* Founding Editor-in-Chief 2009-2014 
Previous Editors (3)
Prof. Dr. Richard A. Manderville * E-Mail Website 
Former Editor-in-Chief


Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
Tel. 1-519-824-4120; Fax: +1 519 766 1499 
Interests: DNA damage by phenolic toxins including ochratoxin A; Modified DNA bases as fluorescent probes
* Section 'Mycotoxins' 
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. John P. Berry * E-Mail Website 
Former Editor-in-Chief


Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University (FIU), 354/332 Marine Science, Biscayne Bay Campus, 3000 NE 151st St., North Miami, FL 33181, USA
Tel. 3059194569; Fax: +1 305 919 4030 
Interests: cyanobacteria; toxins; bioactive compounds; zebrafish embryo model; natural products
* Section 'Marine and Freshwater Toxins' 
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Vernon L. Tesh * E-Mail Website 
Former Editor-in-Chief


Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research and Education Building, Room 3002, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 8447 State Highway 47, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
Fax: +1 979 845 3479 
Interests: shiga toxins; verotoxins; ribosome-inactivating proteins; intracellular signaling pathways activated by microbial toxins; ER stress response; regulation of cytokine expression; innate immune response to microbial toxins; microbial pathogenesis
* Former Section Editor-in-Chief of Toxins during 2015-2017 
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals
Editorial Board Members (95)
Prof. Dr. Massimo Reverberi E-Mail Website 


Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
Tel. +390649917131; Fax: +39 06 49912435 
Interests: Plant-pathogen interaction; Oxylipin-based cross-talk; Mycotoxins biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation; Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins; Image spectroscopy for fungal detection; Biosensors for toxin detection
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals:
Special Issue in International Journal of Molecular Sciences: Fusarium Mycotoxins
Dr. Gerhard Adam E-Mail Website 


Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, Tulln 3430, Austria
Fax: +43 1 47654 1186 
Interests: Plant-pathogen interaction, role of microbial secondary metabolites. Fusarium mycotoxins, biosynthesis, mode of action, and detoxification in planta. Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins.
Prof. Dr. Michael Adang E-Mail Website 


Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, B122 Life Sciences Bldg, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
Tel. 706-542-2436 
Interests: Bacillus thuringiensis, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Bt, Cry toxins, insecticidal proteins, insecticidal toxins
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals:
Special Issue in Toxins: Insecticidal Toxins: Advances in Discovery and PestControl Applications
Prof. Klaus Aktories E-Mail 


Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Alberstr. 25, Otto-Krayer-Haus, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
Interests: Bacterial protein toxins, ADP-ribosylating toxins, glycosylating toxins, deamidating toxins, Rho GTPase activating and inhibiting toxins, Clostridial glucosylating toxins, Pasteurella multocida toxin, Legionella glucosyltransferases, Photorhabdus toxins, Yersinia toxins
Dr. Amparo Alfonso E-Mail 


Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, Lugo 27002, Spain
Interests: marine toxins; cyanotoxins; mycotoxins; detection methods of toxins; mechanism of action of toxins; toxin effects
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals:
Special Issue in Toxins: Bio-Monitoring of Marine and Fresh Water Toxins in Europe and North America
Prof. Dr. Syed A. Ali E-Mail 


HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
Tel. +92-333-3456872; Fax: +92 21 34819018 19 
Interests: protein biochemistry, structure-activity relationships of venom enzymes/toxins; anti-venoms; venom proteomics; and pharmacological applications
Prof. Laura Anfossi E-Mail Website 


Universita degli Studi di Torino, Department of Chemistry, Torino, Italy
Fax: +39-011-670-5242 
Interests: analytical Chemistry; immunochemical assays
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals:
Special Issue in Toxins: Advanced Methods for Mycotoxins Detection
Special Issue in Biosensors: Enzyme-linked Immunoassay
Dr. Kevin Arbuckle E-Mail Website 


Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
Interests: evolutionary toxinology; macroevolution; diversification; convergent evolution; antipredator defence; herpetology; phylogenetic comparative methods
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals:
Special Issue in Toxins: Evolutionary Ecology of Venom
Prof. Dr. Jimmy D. Ballard E-Mail Website 


Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
Tel. (405) 271-2133/(405) 271-3117 
Interests: Molecular mechanism of action of intracellular bacterial toxins; Bacterial pathogenesis; Bacterial toxins; Clostridium difficile; Bacillus anthracis; Clostridium difficile TcdB; Bacillus anthracis edema toxin; Impact of toxin variation on disease outcomes; Contribution of canonical and non-canonical cAMP signaling event; Toxin interruption of host immune response
Prof. Joseph Barbieri E-Mail Website 


Medical College of Wisconsin 
Special Issues and Collections in MDPI journals:
Special Issue in Toxins: ADP-Ribosylating Toxin
Special Issue in Toxins: Potency, Duration of Action, and Pharmacodynamics of Human Neurotoxins