World Journal of Surgery is the official publication of the International Society of Surgery/Societe Internationale de Chirurgie (iss-sic.com). Under the interim co-editorship of Dr. Gerard Doherty and Dr. Sherry Wren, World Journal of Surgery provides an in-depth, international forum for the most authoritative information on major clinical problems in the fields of clinical and experimental surgery, surgical education, and socioeconomic aspects of surgical care. Contributions are reviewed and selected by a group of distinguished surgeons from across the world who make up the Editorial Board.

Editor-in-Chief 
Julie Ann Sosa, MD, San Francisco, CA, USA
Managing Editor
Laura Shearer, Portland, OR, USA
Associate Editors
Reid Adams, Charlottesville, VA, USA 
Nancy Baxter, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Jacques Belghiti, Clichy, France 
Timothy Hardcastle, Durban, South Africa
Hitoshi Katai, Tokyo, Japan
Anthony Kim, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Charles Mock, Seattle, WA, USA
Janice Pasieka (IAES), Calgary, Alberta, Canada 
Sanziana Roman, San Francisco USA
Danny Rosin, Tel Aviv, Israel
David Watson, Bedford Park, Australia
Sandra Wong, Lebanon, NH, USA
Cheng-Har Yip, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Statistical Consultant
Kyle Hart, Portland, OR, USA
Editorial Consultant
Ruben Cham, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
Visual Abstract Editors
Mohammad Ali Abbass, Cleveland, OH, USA
Hari B. Keshava, New York, NY, USA
Editorial Board
Ahmed Abou-Zamzam, Loma Linda, CA, USA
Hasan Alam, Boston, MA, USA
Yvette Andersson, Vasteras, Sweden
Ahmad Assalia, Haifa, Israel
Chad Ball, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Zsolt Balogh, Newcastle, Australia
S. George Barreto, Adelaide, Australia
Hassan Batirel, Istanbul, Turkey 
Guido Beldi, Bern, Switzerland
Stephen Bickler, San Diego, CA, USA
Walter L. Biffl, Denver, CO, USA
Kenneth Boffard, Johannesburg, South Africa
L.D. Britt, Norfolk, VA, USA
F. Charles Brunicardi, Toledo, OH, USA
Jan Brunkwall, Cologne, Germany
Ines Buccimazza, Durban, South Africa
Markus W. Büchler, Heidelberg, Germany
Ruth Bush, Temple, TX, USA
Angelo Carretta, Milan, Italy
Sally Carty, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Francois Cauchy, Paris, France
Ivan Cecconello, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Albert Chan, Hong Kong, China
Andrew Chang, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Mark Cheetham, Shrewsbury, United Kingdom
Alain Chichom-Mefire, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Shah Hwa Chou, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Danny Chu, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Ian Civil, Auckland, New Zealand
D. L. Clarke, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Thomas Cogbill, La Crosse, WI, USA
Raul Coimbra, San Diego, CA, USA
Sayandev DasGupta, Kolkata, India 
Andrew DeBeaux, Edinburgh, Scotland
Elias Degiannis, Johannesburg, South Africa
Conor Delaney, Cleveland, OH, USA
Rochelle Dicker, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Daniel Dindo, Zurich, Switzerland
Gerard Doherty, Boston, MA, USA
Sebastian Ekenze, Enugu, Nigeria
Elisabeth Edstrom Elder, Westmead, Australia
Seraina Faes, Lausanne, Switzerland
Piero Marco Fisichella, Maywood, IL, USA
Andrea Frilling, Essen, Germany 
Takashi Fujimura, Kanazawa, Japan
Markus Furrer, Chur, Switzerland
Michel Gagner, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Robert Goldman, Portland, OR, USA
Wojciech Gorecki, Krakow, Poland 
Adam Gyedu, Kumasi, Ghana
Larry Hadley, Durban, South Africa 
Zane Hammoud, Indianapolis, IN, U.S.A.
Imran Hassan, Rochester, MN, USA
Guo-Wei He, Tianjin, China
W. Scott Helton, Seattle, WA, USA
Peter Henke, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Miguel Herrera, Mexico City, MX
Andrew Hill, Auckland, New Zealand
Tom Horan, Brasilia, Brazil
Martin Hubner, Lausanne, Switzerland
Seiji Ito, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
Yasuhiro Ito, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
Jacob R. Izbicki, Hamburg, Germany
Samir Johna, Fontana, CA, USA
Lillian Kao, Houston, TX, USA
Christop Kettelhack, Basel, Switzerland
Saboor Khan, Coventry, United Kingdom
Young-Woo Kim, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
Yoram Kluger, Haifa, Israel
Yasuhiro Kodera, Nagoya, Japan
Norihiro Kokudo, Tokyo, Japan
Doron Kopelman, Caesarea, Israel
Brian Lang, Hong Kong, China
Rifat Latifi, Tucson, AZ, USA
Simon Law, Hong Kong, China
W.L. Law, Hong Kong, China
Peter Licht, Odense, Denmark
Olle Ljungqvist, Orebro, Sweden 
Chung Yau Lo, Hong Kong, China
Dileep Lobo, Nottingham, United Kingdom
Carrie Lubitz, Boston, MA, USA
Gael MacLean, Oxford, United Kingdom
Ronald Maier, Seattle, WA, USA
Malek G. Massad, Chicago, IL, USA 
Haggi Mazeh, Jerusalem, Israel
Kelly McQueen, Madison, WI, USA
Sakaris Meterissian, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 
Barbra Miller, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Paul Naess, Olso, Norway 
Rowan Parks, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Marco Patti, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 
Timothy Pawlik, Columbus, OH, USA
Graeme Pitcher, Iowa City, IA, USA
Jean Marc Reimbeau, Amiens, France
John Reynolds, Dublin, Ireland
Henry Rice, Durham, NC, USA
Alvaro Sanabria, Bogota, Columbia 
Thomas Scalea, Baltimore, MD, USA
Markus Schaefer, Zurich, Switzerland
Jonathon Serpell, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Mark Shrime, Boston, MA, USA
Mark Smithers, Brisbane, Australia
Carmen Solórzano, Nashville, TN, USA
Cosimo Sperti, Padova, Italy 
Daniel Steinemann, Basel, Switzerland
Andrew Tambryraja, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Masamori Terashima, Shizouka, Japan
Sarah Thompson, Adelaide, SA Australia
Selman Uranues, Graz, Austria 
David Van der Zee, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Jan van Lanschot, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Menno Vriens, Utrecht, Netherlands
Danielle Walsh, Greenville, NC, USA
Tracy S. Wang, Milwaukee, WI, USA
David Watters, Geelong, Australia
Sherry Wren, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Linwah Yip, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Takaki Yoshikawa, Yokohama, Japan
Omar Youssef, Cairo, Egypt
Victor Zaydfudim, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Urs Zingg, Zurich, Switzerland

Editors-in-Chief, Emeriti
Marshall J. Orloff, San Diego, USA (Volumes 1-4)
James D. Hardy (deceased), Jackson, USA (Volumes 5 and 6)
Samuel A. Wells, St.Louis, USA (Volumes 7-16)
Ronald K. Tompkins, Los Angeles, USA (Volumes 17-28)
John G. Hunter, Portland, USA (Volumes 29-41)
Editorial Office
(The Editorial Office handles manuscript-related inquiries only)

World Journal Surgery Editorial Office
2541 SW Montgomery Drive
Portland, Oregon 97201
Tel: (971) 275-2918, Fax: (503) 274-9433
e-mail: worldjsurg@ohsu.edu