As the leading clinical neurology journal worldwide, Neurology is directed to physicians concerned with diseases and conditions of the nervous system. The journal's purpose is to advance the field by presenting new basic and clinical research with an emphasis on knowledge that will influence the way neurology is practiced. The journal is at the forefront in disseminating cutting-edge, peer-reviewed information to the neurology community worldwide. Editorial content includes Research, Clinical/Scientific Notes, Views, Historical Neurology, NeuroImages, Humanities, Letters, and position papers from the American Academy of Neurology. Contents appearing solely online include specialty sections, topic collections, CME Quizzes, Podcasts, and play-in-place video. The online version is considered the canonical version of the journal because it includes all content available to the reader.

Editor-in-Chief
Robert A. Gross, MD, PhD, FAAN, Rochester, NY
Tel. 612-928-6400; Fax 612-454-2748
journal@neurology.org

Deputy Editor
Bradford B. Worrall, MD, MSc, FAAN, Charlottesville, VA

Associate Editors
Anthony A. Amato, MD, FAAN, Boston, MA
Gregory D. Cascino, MD, FAAN, Rochester, MN
Olga Ciccarelli, MD, PhD, FRCP, London, UK
Linda A. Hershey, MD, PhD, FAAN
Jonathan W. Mink, MD, PhD, FAAN, Rochester, NY
Ryan J. Uitti, MD, FAAN, Jacksonville, FL

Associate Editor, Neurology®
Editor, Neurology® Clinical Practice
John R. Corboy, MD, FAAN

Associate Editor, Neurology
Editor, Neurology® Genetics
Stefan M. Pulst, MD, FAAN

Associate Editor, Neurology
Editor, Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
Josep O. Dalmau, MD, PhD

Associate Editor, Biostatistics
Richard J. Kryscio, PhD

Associate Editor, Classification of Evidence Evaluations
Gary S. Gronseth, MD, FAAN

Associate Editor, Epidemiology
Rebecca F. Gottesman, MD, PhD

Associate Editors, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI)
Roy H. Hamilton, MD, MS, FAAN
Holly E. Hinson, MD, MCR, FAAN

Editor-in-Chief's Office
Patricia K. Baskin, MS, Executive Editor
Kathleen M. Pieper, Senior Managing Editor, Neurology
Sharon L. Quimby, Managing Editor, Neurology: Clinical Practice
Morgan S. Sorenson, Managing Editor, Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation
Lee Ann Kleffman, Managing Editor, Neurology: Genetics 
Andrea Rahkola, Production Editor, Neurology
Robert J. Witherow, Senior Editorial Associate
Karen Skaja, Senior Editorial Associate
Kaitlyn Aman Ramm, Editorial Assistant
Kristen Swendsrud, Editorial Assistant
Justin Daugherty, Editorial Assistant
Madeleine Sendek, MPH, Editorial Assistant
Rachel A. Anderson, Administrative Assistant

Section Editors
Biostatistics
Sue Leurgans, PhD
V. Shane Pankratz, PhD

Clinical Implications of Neuroscience Research
Eduardo E. Benarroch, MD, FAAN

Continuing Medical Education 
Adam G. Kelly, MD
James W.M. Owens, Jr., MD, PhD

Disputes & Debates 
Steven Galetta, MD, FAAN, Editor
Aravind Ganesh, MD, Deputy Editor
Ariane Lewis, MD, Deputy Editor
James E. Siegler III, MD, Deputy Editor 

Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI)
Jeffrey C. McClean II, MD, FAAN
Nicte I. Mejia, MD, MPH, FAAN
Nicole Rosendale, MD

Innovations in Care Delivery
Brian C. Callaghan, MD
Kevin A. Kerber, MD

Patient Page 
Steven Karceski, MD
David C. Spencer, MD

Podcasts
Stacey L. Clardy, MD, PhD
Jeffrey B. Ratliff, MD, Deputy Podcast Editor

Resident & Fellow Section
John J. Millichap, MD
Roy E. Strowd III, MD, Deputy Editor

Supplements
Roger M. Kurlan, MD, FAAN

Without Borders
Gretchen L. Birbeck, MD, MPH, DTMH, FAAN

Ombudsman 
David S. Knopman, MD, FAAN

Scientific Integrity Advisor
Robert B. Daroff, MD, FAAN

Past Editors-in-Chief
Russell N. DeJong, MD (1951-1977)
Lewis P. Rowland, MD, FAAN (1977-1987)
Robert B. Daroff, MD, FAAN (1987-1997)
Robert C. Griggs, MD, FAAN (1997-2007)
John H. Noseworthy, MD, FAAN (2007-2009)

Academy Officers
James C. Stevens, MD, FAAN, President
Orly Avitzur, MD, MBA, FAAN, President Elect
Ann H. Tilton, MD, FAAN, Vice President
Carlayne E. Jackson, MD, FAAN, Secretary
Janis M. Miyasaki, MD, MEd, FRCPC, FAAN, Treasurer
Ralph L. Sacco, MD, MS, FAAN, Past President

Executive Office, American Academy of Neurology 
Catherine M. Rydell, CAE, Chief Executive Officer
20l Chicago Avenue
Minneapolis, MN 55415
Tel: 612-928-6100

Publisher
Wolters Kluwer
Baltimore, MD

Publishing Staff
Kim Jansen, Executive Publisher
Jessica Heise, Production Team Leader, Neurology Journals
Megen Miller, Production Editor
Stacy Drossner, Production Associate
Steve Rose, Editorial Assistant

International Editions
Argentinian – Ricardo Reisin, MD
Japanese – Nobutaka Hattori, MD, PhD

Editorial Board
Roger L. Albin, MD, Ann Arbor, MI
Corrado I. Angelini, MD, Venice, Italy
Carmel Armon, MD, FAAN, Tel Aviv, Israel
Robert W. Baloh, MD, FAAN, Los Angeles, CA
Oliver Bandmann, MD, PhD, FAAN, Sheffield, UK
Brenda Banwell, MD, FRCPC, Philadelphia, PA
Sergio E. Baranzini, PhD, San Francisco, CA
Frederik Barkhof, MD, PhD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
David A. Bennett, MD, Chicago, IL
Anne T. Berg, PhD, Chicago, IL
Andrea Bernasconi, MD, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Frank Birklein, MD, PhD, Mainz, Germany
Dennis Bourdette, MD, FAAN, Portland, OR
Amy Brodtmann, MD, PhD, FRACP, Melbourne, Australia
Devin L. Brown, MD, Ann Arbor, MI
John C. M. Brust, MD, FAAN, New York, NY
Bruce C. V. Campbell, PhD
Fernando Cendes, MD, PhD, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Colin H. Chalk, MDCM, FRCPC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Seemant Chaturvedi, MD, FAAN, Miami, FL
Robert Chen, MBBChir, MSc, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Marinos C. Dalakas, MD, FAAN, Philadelphia, PA
Lisa M. DeAngelis, MD, FAAN, New York, NY
Franz Fazekas, MD, Graz, Austria
Robert J. Fox, MD, FAAN, Cleveland, OH
Ansgar J. Furst, MSc, PhD, Stanford, CA
Steven Galetta, MD, FAAN, New York, NY
Jeroen J.G. Geurts, PhD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
M. Maria Glymour, ScD, San Francisco, CA
Peter J. Goadsby, MD, DSc, San Francisco, CA
Larry B. Goldstein, MD, FAAN, Lexington, KY
Nicole R. Gonzales, MD Houston, TX
Clifton L. Gooch, MD, FAAN, Tampa, FL
Renzo Guerrini, MD, Florence, Italy
Oskar Hansson, MD, PhD
Noam Y. Harel, MD, PhD, New York, NY 
Judith U. Harrer, MD, Saarbrücken, Germany
Adam L. Hartman, MD, Bethesda, MD
Peter Hedera, MD, PhD, Nashville, TN
Linda A. Hershey, MD, PhD, FAAN, Oklahoma City, OK
Geoffrey L. Heyer, MD
Reinhard Hohlfeld, MD, Munich, Germany
Rebecca N. Ichord, MD, Philadelphia, PA
Nathalie Jette, MD, MSc, FRCPC, New York, NY
Glen C. Jickling, MD, MAS, FRCPC, Sacramento, CA
Barbara C. Jobst, MD, PhD, FAAN, Lebanon, NH
Larry Junck, MD, Ann Arbor, MI
Lalit Kalra, FRCP, PhD, London, United Kingdom
Peter B. Kang, MD, FAAN, Gainesville, FL
Mira Katan, MD, MS, Zurich, Switzerland
Joep Killestein, MD, PhD
Christopher J. Klein, MD, Rochester, MN
David S. Knopman, MD, FAAN, Rochester, MN
Susan M. Landau, PhD, Berkeley, CA
Mark S. LeDoux, MD, PhD, FAAN, Memphis, TN
Richard J. Leventer, MBBS, BMedSci, FRACP, PhD
Richard B. Lipton, MD, FAAN, New York, NY
Alberto Lleó, MD, PhD
Warren D. Lo, MD, FAAN
Svetlana Lorenzano, MD, PhD, MSc, Rome, Italy
Kenneth J. Mack, MD, PhD, FAAN, Rochester, MN
Jennifer J. Majersik, MD, MS, Salt Lake City, UT
Andrew L. Mammen, MD, PhD
Ruth Ann Marrie, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Randolph S. Marshall, MD, MS, FAAN, New York, NY
Kimford J. Meador, MD, FAAN, Stanford, CA
John W. Miller, MD, PhD, FAAN, Seattle, WA
Nils Muhlert, PhD, Manchester, UK
Phillip L. Pearl, MD, FAAN, Boston, MA
Joel S. Perlmutter, MD, FAAN, St. Louis, MO
Kathryn M. Rexrode, MD, MPH, Boston, MA
Maria A. Rocca, MD
Ingrid Scheffer, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, Melbourne, Australia
David Schiff, MD, FAAN, Charlottesville, VA
Renée A. Shellhaas, MD, MS
Bradley L. Schlaggar, MD, PhD, St. Louis, MO
Nina F. Schor, MD, PhD, FAAN, Bethesda, MD
Sudha Seshadri, MD, FAAN, Boston, MA
Kevin N. Sheth, MD, FAAN, New Haven, CT
Hitoshi Shinotoh, MD, Chiba, Japan
Eric E. Smith, MD, MPH, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Luciano A. Sposato, MD, MBA, London, Ontario. Canada
Michael Strupp, MD, FRCP Munich, Germany
Liu Lin Thio, MD, PhD, St. Louis, MO
Edwin Trevathan, MD, MPH, FAAN, Nashville, TN
Jack W. Tsao, MD, DPhil, FAAN
Kenneth L. Tyler, MD, FAAN, Aurora, CO
John C. van Swieten, MD, PhD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Angela Vincent, MBBS, FRCPath, FRS, Oxford, UK
Francois J.G. Vingerhoets, MD, Lausanne, Switzerland
Katja E. Wartenberg, MD, PhD, Leipzig, Germany
Nicole I. Wolf, MD, PhD, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
E. Ann Yeh, MD, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Classification of Evidence Review Team
Melissa J. Armstrong, MD, Gainesville, FL
Richard L. Barbano, MD, PhD, FAAN, Rochester, NY
Richard M. Dubinsky, MD, MPH, FAAN, Kansas City, KS
Jeffrey J. Fletcher, MD, MSc, Ann Arbor, MI
Gary M. Franklin, MD, MPH, FAAN, Seattle, WA
David S. Gloss II, MD, MPH&TM, Charleston, WV
John J. Halperin, MD, FAAN, Summit, NJ
Jason Lazarou, MSc, MD, FRCPC, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Steven R. Messé, MD, FAAN, Philadelphia, PA
Pushpa Narayanaswami, MBBS, DM, FAAN, Boston, MA
Alex Rae-Grant, MD, FRCP(C), FAAN, Cleveland, OH