The Journal of the American College of Surgeons (JACS) is a monthly journal publishing peer-reviewed original contributions on all aspects of surgery. These contributions include, but are not limited to, original clinical studies, review articles, and experimental investigations with clear clinical relevance. In general, case reports are not considered for publication. As the official scientific journal of the American College of Surgeons, JACS has the goal of providing its readership the highest quality rapid retrieval of information relevant to surgeons.

Original Scientific Article
Collective Review
Education, Ethics, and History
Letters
Surgeon at Work

Editor-in-Chief
Timothy J. Eberlein
Saint Louis, MO
Managing Editor
Matthew R. Carmichael
Chicago, IL
Associate Managing Editor
Claire Sydow
Chicago, IL
Editorial and Production Assistant
Andrea L. Musolf
Chicago, IL
CME Editor
Ronald J. Weigel
Iowa City, IA
Social Media Editor
Lillian S. Kao
Houston, TX
RAS Liasions
Jonathan P. Meizoso
Denver, CO
Vahagn Nikolian
New York, United States
Asha Zimmerman
Providence, RI
Statisticians
Adin-Cristian Andrei
Chicago, IL
Joan S. Chmiel
Chicago, IL
Journal Manager
Michael Russell
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Publisher
Allan Ross
New York, NY, USA
Deputy Editors
Stanley W. Ashley
Boston, MA
Barbara L. Bass
Houston, TX
Timothy R. Billiar
Pittsburgh, PA
L.D. Britt
Norfolk, VA
Timothy Buchman
Atlanta, GA
James S. Economou
Los Angeles, CA
E. Christopher Ellison
Columbus, OH
Lillian S. Kao
Houston, TX
Allan D. Kirk
Durham, NC
Clifford Y. Ko
Los Angeles, CA
Michael W. Mulholland
Ann Arbor, MI
Carlos A. Pellegrini
Seattle, WA
Courtney M. Townsend Jr.
Galveston, TX
Ronald J. Weigel
Iowa City, IA
Editorial Board
Nita Ahuja
New Haven, CT
Hasan B. Alam
Ann Arbor, MI
Derek Alderson
Birmingham, United Kingdom
R. Daniel Beauchamp
Nashville, TN
Kevin E. Behrns
Saint Louis, MO
Walter L. Biffl
Denver, CO
John D. Birkmeyer
Lebanon, NH
Karen J. Brasel
Portland, OR
Carlos V.R. Brown
Austin, TX
Markus W. Büchler
Heidelberg, Germany
Eileen M. Bulger
Seattle, WA
Charles E. Butler
Houston, TX
William C. Chapman
Saint Louis, MO
Raul Coimbra
San Diego, CA
Craig M. Coopersmith
Atlanta, GA
Edward M. Copeland III
Gainesville, FL
Thomas A. D'Amico
Durham, NC
Justin B. Dimick
Ann Arbor, MI
M.B. Majella Doyle
Saint Louis, MO
Jeffrey A. Drebin
New York, NY
B. Mark Evers
Lexington, KY
Alberto R. Ferreres
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ryan C. Fields
St. Louis, MO
Abe Fingerhut
Chambourcy, France
James W. Fleshman Jr.
Dallas, TX
Julie Ann Freischlag
Winston-Salem, NC
Gerald M. Fried
Montréal, Canada
John J. Fung
Chicago, IL
O. James Garden
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Bruce L. Hall
Saint Louis, MO
Mary T. Hawn
Stanford, CA
David N. Herndon
Galveston, TX
Arnold Hill
Dublin, Ireland
David B. Hoyt
Chicago, IL
Kenji Inaba
Los Angeles, CA
William R. Jarnagin
New York, NY
Gregory J. Jurkovich
Seattle, WA
Rachel R. Kelz
Philadelphia, PA
M. Margaret Kemeny
Jamaica, NY
K. Craig Kent
Columbus, OH
Melina R. Kibbe
Chapel Hill, NC
Mary E. Klingensmith
Saint Louis, MO
Mary Margaret Knudson
San Francisco, CA
Norihiro Kokudo
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
Paul Kuo
Tampa
Keith D. Lillemoe
Boston, MA
Michael T. Longaker
Stanford, CA
Melinda Maggard-Gibbons
Los Angeles, CA
Mark A. Malangoni
Philadelphia, PA
John C. Marshall
Toronto, Canada
Jeffrey B. Matthews
Chicago, IL
David W. McFadden
Burlington, VT
Kelly M. McMasters
Louisville, KY
Enrique Moreno-Gonzalez
Madrid, Spain
Masaki Mori
Osaka, Japan
Leigh Neumayer
Tucson, AZ
Ninh T. Nguyen
Orange, CA
P. Ronan O'Connell
Dublin, Ireland
Timothy M. Pawlik
Columbus, OH
Jeffrey L. Ponsky
Cleveland, OH
Mitchell Posner
Chicago, IL
Taylor S. Riall
Tucson, AZ
J. David Richardson
Louisville, KY
Ori D. Rotstein
Toronto, Canada
Hilary A. Sanfey
Springfield, IL
Marshall Z. Schwartz
Philadelphia, PA
Carol Scott-Conner
Iowa City, IA
Nathaniel J. Soper
Chicago, IL
Julie Ann Sosa
San Francisco, CA
Steven C. Stain
Albany, NY
Steven M. Strasberg
Saint Louis, MO
Bauer E. Sumpio
New Haven, CT
Robert Udelsman
New Haven, CT
Gilbert Upchurch Jr.
Charlottesville, FL
J. Nicolas Vauthey
Houston, TX
Brad W. Warner
Saint Louis, MO
Sharon M. Weber
Madison, WI
William C. Welch
Philadelphia, PA
Steven D. Wexner
Weston, FL
John Wong
Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
Sandra L. Wong
Lebanon, NH
Martha A. Zeiger
Frederick, VA
Yu-pei Zhao
Beijing, China
Michael J. Zinner
Boston, MA
Editors Emeriti
Kathryn D. Anderson
Eastvale, CA
Kirby I. Bland
Birmingham, AL
John L. Cameron
Baltimore, MD
Josef E. Fischer
Boston, MA
Gerald B. Healy
Wellesley, MA