Lexicographic practice is changing and so is the lexicographic process. This article therefore reconsiders the lexicographic process and takes into account the development towards centralised lexicographical databases which can be observed at lexicographic institutions and dictionary publishing houses in the last couple of years. We discuss how this affects the lexicographic process and its phases

This article presents the preparation of material for compiling an English–Slovene dictionary of criminal justice and security collocations. It presents the process of collecting and preparing material; specifically, software selection, corpus preparation, collocation extraction, and translation into Slovene. These activities were performed by students at the University of Maribor’s Faculty of Criminal

Critical Lexicographical Discourse Studies (CLDS) view the dictionary as a discourse and emphasize an ideological, ethico-political dimension to the lexicographical process. Combining CLDS with Systemic Functional Linguistics, this paper looks into how anthropocentrism is manifested linguistically in Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (Seventh Edition), the most influential authoritative general-purpose

Researching and recording new lexical items and senses holds a well-established position within German linguistics. The first corpus-based online dictionary (the Neologism Dictionary 2006ff.) was introduced in 2006 and focused on collecting and describing neologisms which had emerged and become established over the three decades from 1900 to 2020. In 2022, a new concept was developed to elevate lexicographic

The study aimed to investigate the sources used by modern translators, specifically whether they use traditional lexicographic tools or diverted their preferences to newer sources of information. Data was collected via an online survey. The sample consisted of 229 mainly Polish translators of various languages and specialisations. It was found that the most frequently used source was the search engine

Our paper seeks to bridge the gap between a linguistic and a technological description of Artificial Intelligence, as we see chatbots and other representations pushing to the forefront of academic ways of working. We set out to venture a philologist’s perspective on AI, critically reflecting upon the extent and nature of a lexicographical software’s ‘intelligence.’ We shall discuss and demonstrate

Though best known for his extensive and often transformative writings on lexicography and corpus linguistics, Patrick Hanks was also a career lexicographer with a strong track record of managing a string of groundbreaking dictionaries. His experience at the lexicographic coalface led him to question dictionary conventions, especially when the corpus data seemed to be at odds with traditional approaches

In this paper we argue in favor of the radial semantic structure of polysemous entries from the New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE) and the Merriam-Webster dictionary. We formalized four polysemy theories as algorithms linking word senses into polysemy networks, considering the semantic similarity of dictionary definitions calculated using large language models. Chaining algorithms maximized similarity

The printing of Chinese characters, as well as their combination with alphabetic letters, has been one of the great challenges for Western typographers. When the missionary Paul Perny published his Dictionnaire français-latin-chinois de la langue mandarine parlée [French-Latin-Chinese dictionary of the spoken Mandarin language] (1869) in Paris, the conceptual design of the structure of its entries

In metalexicographical research, experts have judged the performance of technologies such as OpenAI Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) in lexicographic production tasks as promising yet inferior to human lexicographers. It remains unclear whether this perceived inferiority limits the effectiveness of AI-generated lexicography in resolving practical language doubts. Accordingly, this study compares

Using dictionaries has been seen as an important aspect of L2 learning at all levels of L2 proficiency. Yet, in many cases dictionary use seems a considerably neglected part of L2 teaching. There is no doubt, however, that L2 learners should be encouraged to use dictionaries independently and autonomously, as they will be unable to rely on language teachers or other proficient L2 speakers to assist

This paper describes a protocol for using dictionaries in classroom activities to support language learning and develop language awareness (Nied Curcio 2022). A group of undergraduate foreign language students was guided through the process of compiling a multilingual Covid-19 dictionary, which provides collocational data to support language production and improve fluency in an L2. The activities were

Dictionaries have always been an important tool for linguists, and more specifically for translators. Learning how students of translation use dictionaries is essential if students are to be effective users of dictionaries. This research examines the dictionary usage habits of 201 trainee translators and identified significant differences among first-, second-, third- and fourth-year students. The

The first English dictionary of military terms was published anonymously in 1702 under the title A Military Dictionary. However, one glossary of this nature had already been attached to Robert Barret’s (Anon. 1702)The Theorike and Practike of Moderne Warres in 1598: ‘A Table, shewing the signification of sundry forraine words, vsed in these discourses’. Barret had fought in many battles in Europe,

This study investigates the usefulness of a bilingualized dictionary (BLD) against a monolingual one (MD) in a fill-in-the-blank test requiring the ability to discriminate between a set of near-synonyms. 156 participants, all English major undergraduates studying in Poland, were divided into two groups based on the type of dictionary they used. The study compared the two groups with respect to their

Despite a long history of research into phraseology and its practical applications, the representation of multiword expressions (henceforth MWEs) in dictionaries still remains unsettled. The paper singles out and investigates the lexicographic treatment of one thematically related group of MWEs, those that contain nominal forms of body part names. Body part MWEs have been chosen for the present study

This article explores the lexicographic codification of botanical knowledge in two general dictionaries: Diccionario de la lengua española (2014 [2021]), produced by the Real Academia Española in Spain, and Diccionario del español de México (2019), published by El Colegio de México. It begins with a historical overview of the inclusion of botanical terminology in general dictionaries by the Real Academia

Recursion, and recursion-like design patterns, are used in the entry schemas of dictionaries to model subsenses and subentries. Recursion occurs when elements of a given type, such as sense, are allowed to contain elements of the same or similar type, such as sense or subsense. This article argues that recursion unnecessarily increases the computational complexity of entries, making dictionaries less

This article presents Verbel: The Electronic Dictionary of Paradigms of Polish Verbal Multiword Expressions (MWEs) and discusses theoretical problems connected with compiling such a dictionary for inflectionally complex languages such as Polish. The dictionary includes over 5,000 Polish verbal MWEs and explicitly presents their forms and constraints in inflection. It also provides grammatical, semantic

This paper deals with several aspects of context in lexicography. Section 1 briefly mentions some different approaches to the concept context in various fields. Section 2 puts the focus on different uses and perceptions of the concept context in lexicography, contrasting it with related concepts, such as cotext, contextualization and contextual information. A more comprehensive discussion also covers

The article highlights the compilation of specialised dictionaries, focusing mainly on the characteristics of dictionary entries of abbreviations in terminological dictionaries for Slovene. Special attention is given to the compilation and characteristics of the dictionary entries of abbreviations in the Slovene terminological dictionaries published by the Fran Ramovš Institute of the Slovenian language

At least since the invention of writing, people have been troubled by the problem of what a word means. Dictionaries have traditionally been written with numbered word senses, giving the impression that the different senses of a word are fixed abstract entities, which can be used to separate usages into neat piles according to their different meanings. Adam Kilgarriff’s daring 1997 article ‘I Don’t

In this review essay, we compare three recent dictionaries of Indigenous languages spoken in South America. The review covers two print dictionaries—one of which is trilingual (Quechua, Spanish and English) and the other the second edition of a bilingual Q’eqchi’-English dictionary—and a bilingual, digital dictionary hosted online (Wichí-Spanish). The structure of this review essay is as follows: first

This study investigates the dictionary use of graduates in English and German as well as their attitudes towards teaching and learning dictionary skills in the classroom. The first section of the paper offers a historical overview of research on dictionary use and dictionary didactics in Hungary. This is followed by the detailed description of the quantitative research, which aims to investigate the

Making information about language accessible to users has long been a key concern of lexicographic research. Adopting a narrower perspective, this examination of three dictionary websites (collinsdictionary.com, merriam-webster.com, and dle.rae.es) employs the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) to examine their accessibility for people with visual impairments. Dictionaries can be motors for

Interviews with undergraduate students from the University of Ljubljana, who are majoring in English and can be considered language specialists, investigated habits of dictionary use, look-up abilities, and perceptions of the utility and quality of definitions and illustrative examples. This contrasts with a parallel study (Farina et al. 2019) with undergraduates majoring in business and economics

This article examines the changing forms of headwords in the partial differentiation of encyclopedias away from dictionaries from the late seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century. In the past, this differentiation has mostly been studied as a process of reducing lexical content in encyclopedias and reducing encyclopedic content in dictionaries, but it also manifested itself in the grammatical

Charles Richardson’s New Dictionary of the English Language is a work of great importance for the history of lexicography, but the dates of its first serial publication from 1818 onwards among the 59 instalments of the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana appear never to have been ascertained. They are worked out here, together with the alphabetical ranges of many instalments, from announcements in contemporary

The third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED3) incorporates a new approach to the pronunciation sections of combining form and affix entries. Headword-level pronunciations are replaced by statements pertaining to typical stress patterns and vowel reduction, while thousands of lemmas contained within these entries receive British and American pronunciations for the first time. Accounting

There is no doubt that example sentences enhance a dictionary’s value by providing dictionary users with the typical context of words. But how many examples do dictionary users need in a dictionary, or how many examples in a dictionary lead to confusion? The aim of the paper is twofold. First, an attempt will be made to investigate the usefulness of encoding examples in language production. Second

This article presents the compilation of entries for English abbreviations starting with A, which is part of a larger work, the Contemporary Slovene Dictionary of Abbreviations (CSDA), which is available on the Termania webpage. The structure of the entries was determined following an analysis of the layout and characteristics of entries in English dictionaries of abbreviations. Eleven Slovene terminological

The results of manual mapping of Polish plWordNet onto English Princeton WordNet revealed a number of gaps and mismatches between those interlinked lexical resources. Preliminary studies have shown that they embrace wordnet-specific and language-specific differences, and in this exploratory study we focus on the latter, also called lacunae. Capitalising on the system of equivalence types and features

The article examines the temporal labels and other specifications of time affixed to twenty-five words in monolingual dictionaries of English. The selection of works studied includes learners’, collegiate, and general-purpose dictionaries, both British and American. In addition, the treatment of the lexemes in the Oxford English Dictionary is noted. The analysis reveals some clear differences between

This paper focuses on the translation stage in LSP bilingual lexicography, where the condition of equivalence lies in the terminological/conceptual identity of the terms used in different linguistic systems. To this end, case study research was done on the corpus of the English-Serbian Dictionary of Waste Management. Seeking to provide a more extensive picture of the rendition of specialized terms

Abstract When designing a sign language dictionary or lexical database, a criterion that needs to be decided on is how to organize handshapes in the search-by-sign interface. Although notation systems do exist for indexing and searching sign entries, dictionaries do not often use them. This study investigates how to classify and order images of handshapes without relying on the alphabetical order of

Abstract In this review essay, we compare five recent publications relating to dictionary work with Indigenous languages. The review covers three dictionaries, one monograph about lexicography in service of Indigenous language revitalization and the second volume of a two-volume dictionary-cum-encyclopedia. The structure of this review essay is as follows: following a brief introduction to each of

This paper reports on research into teachers' perceptions of the impact of using a bilingual learner's dictionary. The research, a perceptions of impact study conducted in South Africa from March 2016 to February 2019, investigates the perceptions of teachers on the impact of the dictionary on themselves as teachers, and their perceptions of the dictionary's impact on their pupils. The findings show

This study presents answers to the question of how one dictionary can help us understand the implications for lexicography of limited access to other dictionaries. We carefully analyzed the microstructure and macrostructure of Abel-Rémusat’s Chinese-French dictionary manuscript Dictionnaire chinois dated 1808 by systematically tracing the references noted at each entry in the dictionary. Based on his

The rise of online dictionaries has brought fundamental changes to dictionary typography. Using a multimodal communicative approach, this study aims to explore the current use of typography in online English learner’s dictionaries in light of the transition from typography for print to typography for digital display. The approach and the analytical framework were developed on the basis of theories

This study used an online correction task to explore the extent to which different types of warning notes in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online were heeded when users tried to correct errors in the use of L2 target words. The task was completed by 332 participants, yielding 1,819 answers produced after clicking on links to relevant entries. Warning notes were categorised in terms of

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in identifying dictionary-relevant lexical bundles and analysing their lexicographic treatment. However, past research has only examined bundle treatment in general bilingual dictionaries, leaving it open whether and to what extent lexical bundles are treated in other types of dictionaries. This study aims to fill this gap by focusing on the treatment

Current approaches to the expansion of semantic lexicons for corpus annotation are somewhat ad hoc in nature and do not generally offer a systematic means of identifying areas for development within one’s lexicon. The present paper sets forward a domain based approach to semantic lexicon expansion, targeting UCREL’s Semantic Analysis System (USAS). First, an updated version of the lexicon is compared

AbstractThis article presents DiCo, an inventory of the changes in the nomenclature of four French dictionaries (Dictionnaire de l’Académie française, Dictionnaire Hachette, Le Petit Larousse and Le Petit Robert). For each modification recorded, DiCo provides additional information on the microstructural level, such as the linguistic labels included in the article where the change occurred. Based on

AbstractTo formulate definitions that meet user needs, terminologists and specialised lexicographers must know how to effectively select information. However, most definition writing guidelines are based on the specification of necessary and sufficient characteristics, which has serious drawbacks because it downplays the role of context (understood as any factor affecting how a term is interpreted)

AbstractThe paper deals with words that denote feelings rather than with feelings as such. It proposes the strictly lexicographic description of some names of ‘psyche-induced feelings1’ [= ‘feelings2’], such as joy or amazement, in contrast to the names of ‘body-induced feelings1’ [= ‘sensations’], such as hunger and tiredness. This description is based on the semantic prime ‘feel1’, which itself is

GonzálezFélix Rodríguez and RodríguezJesús Castañón20211. Diccionario de anglicismos del deporte. Madrid: Arco Libros. lxvi + 354 pages. ISBN 978-84-7635-326-4.

ten HackenPius and PanocováRenáta (eds). 2020. The Interaction of Borrowing and Word Formation. Edinburgh University Press. xii + 312 pages. ISBN 978-14744-4823-9 paperback. Price 24.99 GBP. 978-14744-4820-8 hardback. Price 85 GBP. 978-14744-4822-2 ePub. Price 24.99 GBP. 978-14744-4821-5 PDF. Price 85 GBP.

Environmental Law has been mostly ignored in terminological knowledge bases (TKBs) on the environment. EcoLexicon, a multilingual and multimodal TKB on the environment, has recently begun to include information on this transversal domain. In this study, comparative corpus analysis is carried out in Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff et al. 2014) to analyse the differences between Environmental Law and Environmental

LDOCE uses a defining vocabulary to make their definitions intelligible to the user. Critics claim this policy may result in imprecise definitions, something especially noticeable in certain concrete and abstract words that are difficult to define by a definition only. This paper examines to what extent LDOCE definitions of such words help learners identify the objects and words being defined. In our

: This introduction summarizes general issues combining lexicography and neology in the context of the Globalex Workshop on Lexicography and Neology series. We present each of the six papers composing this Special Issue, featuring two Slavic languages (Czech and Slovak) and two Romance ones (Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish in its European and Latin American varieties) and their diverse lexicographic

BladesAndrewPenningtonPiers (eds). 2020. Poetry and the Dictionary. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. xii + 282 pages. ISBN 978-1-789-62056-6 hardback. ISBN 978-1-789-62467-0 e-book. Price 90 GBP.

Pádraig ÓMianáin (chief editor). 2020. Concise English-Irish Dictionary. Foclóir Béarla-Gaeilge. Dublin: Foras na Gaeilge. xvii + 1776 pages. ISBN 978-1-85791-024-1 hardback. Price 30 EUR.

Hailed as the foundation of modern Spanish-language lexicography, the Diccionario de Autoridades was developed over a period of thirteen years. While it is a window to appreciate the impact of Enlightenment ideas in Spain, it also showcases some of the country's most entrenched phobias, both within and throughout its colonies across the Atlantic. This essay looks at its planning, structure, and publication

Recent advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) continue to open up new lines of enquiry for lexicography, especially for research areas concerned with semantic categorisation. The aims of this paper fall into two parts. In the first half, the NLP tool Word2Vec is introduced and discussed with respect to unsupervised category formation for Koine Greek, using kinship terms as a demonstration of

DixonR. M. W.. 2018. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. xiv + 258 pages. ISBN 978-1-108-42163-8 hardback. Price 59.47 GBP. 978-1-108-43334-1 paperback. Price 10.58 GBP.

This paper presents the results of a comparative curriculum-based study conducted to analyse the way dictionaries and the development of lexicographical skills are addressed in primary education in Germany and Spain. To carry out the study, the curricula of two language subjects taught throughout the country were selected, namely First Language (German and Spanish, respectively) and First Foreign Language

Lexicographic exclusion filtering as a strategy to determine the suitability of neologisms to be included in dictionaries has proved to be insufficient. Therefore, a methodology to rank neologisms in a more objective and quantitative way, based on their most distinctive features as new words is put forward here. In addition, the results of applying this methodology to a sample of more than 3,000 units

This article contributes to Old English lexicography by providing a list of lemmas and inflectional forms for the Old English derived verbs (prefixed verbs) of gān ‘to go’. Entries for these lemmas, if listed by Old English dictionaries, are often incomplete, but, more importantly, they are not based on a lemmatised corpus. This is particularly problematic in the case of languages like Old English

BolognesiMarianna, BrdarMario and DespotKristina (eds). 2019. Metaphor and Metonymy in the Digital Age: Theory and Methods for Building Repositories of Figurative Language. (Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication 8.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. x + 263 pages. ISBN: 978-90-272-0344-1 hardback. 978-90-272-6229-5 e-book. Price 95.00 EUR.