1. 有机化学学习综合信息:https://organicchemistrydata.org/
2. 有机化学实验室万能参考: www.chem.rochester.edu/notvoodoo/pages/tips.php? (试剂性质、常见问题、常用配方、后处理方法、提纯方法、安全操作等,十分全面)
3. Organic Chemistry Portal:https://www.organic-chemistry.org/reactions.htm (有机试剂、反应的综合查询)
4. 有机物谱图数据库:https://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/cre_index.cgi (免费查询常见有机物的核磁、质谱、红外等谱图信息)
5. 动态化学元素周期表:https://ptable.com/?lang=en#Properties;可以查阅各种化学元素有关的性质、常数。
6. Mayr's有机物反应活性数据库: https://www.cup.lmu.de/oc/mayr/reaktionsdatenbank/ (常见亲电、亲核试剂强弱)
7. IUPAC化学专业术语大全:https://goldbook.iupac.org/ (国际纯粹与应用化学联合会给出的各种化学名词、专业术语和物理常数的标准解释)
8. 常用溶液的配制备(近似,用于有机合成后处理而非浓度滴定):
① 10 w.t.% HCl:100 mL浓盐酸 + 321 mL H2O,大约2.87 mol/L
② 5% w.t.% HCl:10 mL浓盐酸 + 83 mL H2O,大约1.4 mol/L
③ 1 M HCl: 10 mL浓盐酸 + 111 mL H2O; 2 M HCl:10 mL浓盐酸 + 50 mL H2O
④ 10 w.t.% H2SO4:10 mL浓硫酸 + 162 mL H2O,大约1.02 mol/L
⑤ 5 w.t.% H2SO4: 10 mL浓硫酸 + 343 mL H2O,大约0.5 mol/L
⑥ 1 M 硫酸: 10 mL浓硫酸 + 168.5 mL H2O, 2 M 硫酸: 10 mL浓硫酸 + 80 mL H2O
⑦ 1 M NaOH溶液: 约等于3.85 w.t.% (3.85 g NaOH + 96 mL H2O)
⑧ 2 M NaOH溶液: 约等于7.4 w.t.% (7.4 g NaOH + 93 mL H2O)
⑨ 3 M NaOH溶液: 约等于11 w.t.% (11 g NaOH + 89 mL H2O)
⑨ 5 M NaOH溶液: 约等于16.9 w.t.% (17 g NaOH + 83 mL H2O)
⑩ 10 M NaOH溶液: 约等于30 w.t.% (30 g NaOH + 70 mL H2O)
9. 常用溶剂的理化性质(按照沸点由低到高排列):
溶剂名称 | 分子量 | 密度 (g/mL) |
沸点 (oC) | 熔点 (oC) | 介电常数 (ε) | 水中溶解度 (g/100g) |
Dimethylether (二甲醚) |
46.07 | 0.735 | -22 | -141 | 7.1 | |
Diethyl Ether (乙醚) |
74.12 | 0.7134 | 34.6 | -116.3 | 4.267 | 7.5 |
Pentane (戊烷) |
72.15 | 0.626 | 36.1 | -130 | 1.84 | 0.04 |
DCM (二氯甲烷) |
84.93 | 1.327 | 39.8 | -96.7 | 9.08 | 1.32 |
CS2 (二硫化碳) |
76.14 | 1.261 | 46.3 | -110 | 2.6 | 0.29 |
MTBE (甲基叔丁基醚) |
88.15 | 0.74 | 55.2 | -109 | 4.5 | 5.1 |
Acetone (丙酮) |
58.08 | 0.786 | 56.2 | -94.3 | 21.01 | Miscible |
CHCl3 (氯仿) |
119.38 | 1.498 | 61.7 | -63.5 | 4.81 | 0.795 |
MeOH (甲醇) |
32.04 | 0.7918 | 64.6 | -97.6 | 32.6 | Miscible |
THF (四氢呋喃) |
72.11 | 0.889 | 65.7 | -108 | 7.52 | 30 |
n-Hexane (戊烷) |
86.18 | 0.655 | 69 | -95 | 1.89 | 0.014 |
CCl4 (四氯化碳) |
153.82 | 1.594 | 76.7 | -22.9 | 2.24 | 0.08 |
Ethyl acetate (乙酸乙酯) |
88.11 | 0.897 | 77.1 | -83.6 | 6 | 8.7 |
EtOH (乙醇) |
46.07 | 0.789 | 78.5 | -114.1 | 24.6 | Miscible |
2-butanone (2-丁酮) |
72.11 | 0.805 | 79.6 | -86 | 18.6 | 25.6 |
Benzene (苯) |
78.11 | 0.879 | 80.1 | 5 | 2.28 | 0.18 |
MeTHF (2-甲基四氢呋喃) |
86.13 | 0.854 | 80.2 | -136 | 6.3 | 4 |
cyclohexane (环己烷) |
0.779 | 0.779 | 80.7 | 6.5 | 2.02 | <0.1 |
MeCN (乙腈) |
41.05 | 0.786 | 81.6 | -46 | 36.64 | Miscible |
t-BuOH (叔丁醇) |
74.12 | 0.786 | 82.2 | 25.5 | 12.5 | Miscible |
2-Propanol (异丙醇) |
60.1 | 0.785 | 82.4 | -89.5 | 18.3 | Miscible |
DCE (二氯乙烷) |
98.95 | 1.25 | 83.5 | -35 | 10.42 | 0.861 |
Glyme(DME) (乙二醇二甲醚) |
90.12 | 0.868 | 85 | -58 | 7.3 | Miscible |
Triethyl amine (三乙胺) |
101.19 | 0.726 | 88.9 | -114.7 | 2.4 | 0.02 |
1-Proponol (正丙醇) |
60.09 | 0.803 | 97 | -126 | 20.1 | Miscible |
2-Butanol (2-丁醇) |
74.12 | 0.808 | 98 | -115 | 17.26 | 15 |
Heptane (庚烷) |
100.21 | 0.6795 | 98 | -90.5 | 1.92 | 0.01 |
Water (水) |
18.01 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 78.54 | Miscible |
Dioxane (二氧六环) |
88.11 | 1.03 | 101.1 | 11.8 | 2.21 | Miscible |
Nitromethane (硝基甲烷) |
61.04 | 1.127 | 101.2 | -28.4 | 35.9 | 9.5 |
Water Heavy (重水) |
20.02 | 1.03 | 101.3 | 3.82 | 78.5 | Miscible |
t-Amyl alcohol (新戊醇) |
88.15 | 0.805 | 102 | -9 | 5.82 | 12 |
CPME (甲基环戊基醚) |
100.16 | 0.86 | 106 | -140 | 4.76 | 1.1 |
Toluene (甲苯) |
92.1 | 0.8669 | 110.6 | -95 | 2.38 | 0.05 |
Pyridine (吡啶) |
79.1 | 0.982 | 115.2 | -41.6 | 12.3 | Miscible |
1-Butanol (1-丁醇) |
74.12 | 0.81 | 117.6 | -89.8 | 17.8 | 6.3 |
Acetic acid (乙酸) |
60.05 | 1.049 | 118 | 16.6 | 6.2 | Miscible |
MeOCH2CH2OH (乙二醇单甲醚) | 76.09 | 0.965 | 124 | -85 | 16.93 | Miscible |
PhCl (氯苯) |
112.56 | 1.1066 | 131.7 | -45 | 0.05 | |
p-xylene (对二甲苯) |
106.17 | 0.861 | 138.4 | 13 | 2.27 | Insoluble |
xylene (xylol) |
106.17 | 0.864 | 138.5 | -47.4 | Insoluble | |
m-xylene (间二甲苯) | 106.17 | 0.86 | 139.1 | -48 | 2.37 | Insoluble |
o-xylene (邻二甲苯) | 106.17 | 0.88 | 144 | -25 | 2.57 | Insoluble |
HMPT (六甲基亚膦酰三胺) |
163.2 | 0.898 | 150 | -44 | Miscible | |
cumene (对甲基异丙苯) |
120.2 | 0.862 | 152.4 | -96 | 50 mg/1 L H2O | |
DMF (N,N-二甲基甲酰胺) |
62.07 | 0.944 | 153 | -12.9 | 38.25 | Miscible |
Anisol (苯甲醚) |
108.14 | 0.994 | 154 | -3 | 4.33 | Insoluble |
Diglyme (二甘醇二甲醚) |
134.18 | 134.17 | 162 | -64 | 7.23 | Miscible |
Mestiylene (均三甲苯) |
120.19 | 0.8637 | 164.7 | -44.8 | 20 mg/L H2O | |
DMA (N,N-二甲基乙酰胺) |
87.12 | 0.937 | 165 | -20 | Miscible | |
DMSO (二甲亚砜) |
78.13 | 1.1004 | 189 | 19 | 47 | 25.3 |
Ethene glycol (乙二醇) |
62.07 | 1.113 | 197.3 | -12.9 | 37.7 | Miscible |
NMP (N-甲基吡咯烷酮) |
99.13 | 1.028 | 202 | -24 | 32 | 10 |
Formamide (甲酰胺) |
45.04 | 1.13 | 210 | 2.5 | 111 | Miscible |
HMPA (六甲基磷酰三胺) |
179.2 | 1.03 | 232.5 | 7.2 | 31.3 | Miscible |
Diglycol (二乙二醇) |
106.12 | 1.12 | 245 | -10.45 | 10 | |
Glycerin (甘油) |
92.09 | 1.26 | 290 | 17.8 | 42.5 | Miscible |
PE (ligroin) 低沸点石油醚 |
30–60 | |||||
PE (ligroine) 高沸点石油醚 |
90–140 |