纤维的泡沫加工作为湿敷的可持续替代方案：纤维网的性质和因果关系,ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering

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纤维的泡沫加工作为湿敷的可持续替代方案：纤维网的性质和因果关系
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering ( IF 7.1 ) Pub Date : 2018-09-23 00:00:00 , DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03102
Wenchao Xiang ₁ , Ilari Filpponen ₁ , Erkki Saharinen ₂ , Timo Lappalainen ₃ , Kristian Salminen ₂ , Orlando J. Rojas ₁

Affiliation

湿铺法是一项成熟的技术，已被大规模应用于制造非织造布，包括纸产品。但是，它通常会消耗大量的水，并且能源消耗大。在这里，我们使用泡沫敷料来实质上减少纤维网络形成过程中所消耗的水量（减少了5倍），并减少了干燥前生产的非织造布的水分含量，从而降低了能源需求。通过比较两种木纤维的泡沫成网和湿成网，评估了泡沫成网的前景：硬木（含木质素）或柔性（无木质素）。此外，阐明了发泡剂类型（阴离子，阳离子，非离子和两性）的作用。参考纸幅是通过常规的湿法铺网生产的，有或没有表面活性剂。在湿压后，泡沫铺设可有效地产生更均匀的面质量分布（更好的形成）。对于用柔性纤维合成的纤维网，这种效果更为明显。与通过湿法成网的层状网状结构不同，泡沫成网的网状结构表现出更毡的网状结构，纤维位于面外方向。结果，测量了泡沫铺网的较高的透气性，纤网孔隙率和光散射系数。孔隙率的提高（密度降低）与泡沫铺设过程中气泡的作用以及泡沫纤维分散体表面张力的降低有关。保留了通过在平面外方向上进行泡沫铺设而获得的低密度纤维网的抗分层性。然而，由于所形成的结构的密度降低，因此确定了泡沫铺网的拉伸强度和模量的降低。值得注意的是，所用的发泡剂的类型在网的最终性能方面起着次要的作用，这使得该方法在选择环境友好的替代品方面具有灵活性。总的来说，根据纤维类型和发泡剂的不同，我们比较了由网状和泡沫状铺设形成的纤维网络的物理机械性能，从而得出了可用于设计轻型结构（包括纸在内的非织造材料）的性能空间。通过泡沫铺设节省水和能源的前景是可持续使用纤维组装多孔材料（例如轻质无纺布和纸制品）的主要好处。由于所形成的结构的密度降低。值得注意的是，所用的发泡剂的类型在网的最终性能方面起着次要的作用，这使得该方法在选择环境友好的替代品方面具有灵活性。总的来说，根据纤维类型和发泡剂的不同，我们比较了由网状和泡沫状铺设形成的纤维网络的物理机械性能，得出的性能空间可用于设计轻型结构（包括纸在内的非织造材料）。通过泡沫铺设节省水和能源的前景是可持续使用纤维组装多孔材料（例如轻质无纺布和纸制品）的主要好处。由于所形成的结构的密度降低。值得注意的是，所使用的发泡剂的类型在网的最终性能方面起着次要的作用，这使得该方法在选择环境友好的替代品方面具有灵活性。总的来说，根据纤维类型和发泡剂的不同，我们比较了由网状和泡沫状铺设形成的纤维网络的物理机械性能，从而得出了可用于设计轻型结构（包括纸在内的非织造材料）的性能空间。通过泡沫铺设节省水和能源的前景是可持续使用纤维组装多孔材料（例如轻质无纺布和纸制品）的主要好处。在选择环保替代品方面使过程变得灵活。总的来说，根据纤维类型和发泡剂的不同，我们比较了由网状和泡沫状铺设形成的纤维网络的物理机械性能，从而得出了可用于设计轻型结构（包括纸在内的非织造材料）的性能空间。通过泡沫铺设节省水和能源的前景是可持续使用纤维组装多孔材料（例如轻质无纺布和纸制品）的主要好处。在选择环保替代品方面使过程变得灵活。总的来说，根据纤维类型和发泡剂的不同，我们比较了由网状和泡沫状铺设形成的纤维网络的物理机械性能，从而得出了可用于设计轻型结构（包括纸在内的非织造材料）的性能空间。通过泡沫铺设节省水和能源的前景是可持续使用纤维组装多孔材料（例如轻质无纺布和纸制品）的主要好处。包括纸张）。通过泡沫铺设节省水和能源的前景是可持续使用纤维组装多孔材料（例如轻质无纺布和纸制品）的主要好处。包括纸张）。通过泡沫铺设节省水和能源的前景是可持续使用纤维组装多孔材料（例如轻质无纺布和纸制品）的主要好处。

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Foam Processing of Fibers As a Sustainable Alternative to Wet-Laying: Fiber Web Properties and Cause–Effect Relations

Wet-laying is a mature technology that is applied in large scale for the manufacture of nonwovens, including paper products. However, it usually uses large volumes of water and is energy-intensive. Here we used foam-laying to substantially diminish the volume of water consumed in the formation of fiber networks (5-fold reduction) and to reduce the water content of the nonwovens produced before drying, achieving a reduced energy demand. The prospects of foam-laying were evaluated by comparing foam-laid and wet-laid webs of two types of wood fibers: stiff (lignin-containing) or flexible (lignin-free). Also, the effect of foaming agent type (anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric) was elucidated. Reference webs were produced by conventional wet-laying, with or without surfactants. Foam-laying was effective in producing a more uniform areal mass distribution (better formation) after wet-pressing. This effect was more evident for the webs synthesized with the flexible fibers. Unlike the layered network structures that were obtained by wet-laying, foam-laid webs exhibited a more felted network, with fibers positioned in the out-of-plane direction. As a result, higher air permeability, web porosity, and light scattering coefficients were measured for the foam-laid webs. The enhanced porosity (lower density) was related to the effect of bubbles during foam-laying and the reduction in surface tension of the foamed-fiber dispersion. The resistance to delamination of low-density webs obtained by foam-laying in the out-of-plane direction was preserved. However, the reduction in tensile strength and modulus of foam-laid webs were determined, owing to the reduced density of the formed structures. Notably, the type of foaming agent used played a minor role as far as the resultant properties of the webs, making the process flexible in terms of the selection of environmentally friendly alternatives. Overall, we compared the physico-mechanical properties of fiber networks formed by web- and foam-laying, depending on fiber type and foaming agent, yielding a property space that is useful in the design of lightweight structures (nonwovens, including paper). The prospects of water and energy savings by foam-laying are the major benefits in the sustainable use of fibers for the assembly of porous materials, such as lightweight nonwoven and paper products.

更新日期：2018-09-23

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