Abstract The microstructural evolution of highly ordered graphite during high temperature carbonization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) was traced in the temperature range of 1000–2500 °C. It was interesting to note that the direct carbonization of CNC under inert environment led to an irregular morphology due to molecular fusion whereas oxidative stabilization at 250 °C under air and subsequent carbonization preserved the pristine needle-like structure of the CNC during carbonization. Various characterizations such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) exhibited that the carbonization of CNC undergoes three distinctive stages of structural changes depending on carbonization temperature: (1) formation of turbo-stratic graphitic structure below 1500 °C (1st stage), (2) phase conversion to polycrystalline graphite between 1500 and 2000 °C (2nd stage), and (3) in-plane homogenization to highly ordered graphite above 2000 °C (3rd stage).

中文翻译：

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纤维素纳米晶碳化过程中高度有序石墨的结构演化机制

摘要 在 1000–2500 °C 的温度范围内追踪了纤维素纳米晶体 (CNC) 高温碳化过程中高度有序石墨的微观结构演变。有趣的是，CNC 在惰性环境下的直接碳化由于分子融合而导致不规则的形态，而在空气中 250°C 的氧化稳定和随后的碳化在碳化过程中保留了 CNC 的原始针状结构。高分辨率透射电子显微镜 (HRTEM)、拉曼光谱和 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 等各种表征表明，根据碳化温度，CNC 的碳化经历了三个不同的结构变化阶段：(1) 1500°C以下的地层石墨结构（第一阶段），