Neuronal oscillations refer to rhythmic and periodic fluctuations of electrical activity in the central nervous system that arise from the cellular properties of diverse neuronal populations and their interactions. Specifically, gamma oscillations play a crucial role in governing the connectivity between distinct brain regions, which are essential in perception, motor control, memory, and emotions. In this context, we recapitulate various current stimulation methods to induce gamma entrainment. These methods include sensory stimulation, optogenetic modulation, photobiomodulation, and transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation. Simultaneously, we explore the association between abnormal gamma oscillations and central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders. Evidence suggests that gamma entrainment-inducing stimulation methods offer notable neuroprotection, although somewhat controversial. This review comprehensively discusses the functional role of gamma oscillations in higher-order brain activities from both physiological and pathological perspectives, emphasizing gamma entrainment as a potential therapeutic approach for neuropsychiatric disorders. Additionally, we discuss future opportunities and challenges in implementing such strategies.

中文翻译：

---

脑部疾病中 γ 波刺激的奥秘


神经元振荡是指中枢神经系统中电活动的节律性和周期性波动，由不同神经元群的细胞特性及其相互作用引起。具体来说，伽马振荡在控制不同大脑区域之间的连接方面起着至关重要的作用，这些区域在感知、运动控制、记忆和情绪中至关重要。在这种情况下，我们概括了目前各种诱导 γ 夹带的刺激方法。这些方法包括感觉刺激、光遗传学调节、光生物调节和经颅电或磁刺激。同时，我们探讨了异常 γ 振荡与阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、中风、精神分裂症和自闭症谱系障碍等中枢神经系统疾病之间的关联。有证据表明，γ 夹带诱导刺激方法提供了显着的神经保护作用，尽管存在一些争议。本文从生理和病理两个角度全面讨论了 γ 振荡在高阶脑活动中的功能作用，强调 γ 夹带是神经精神疾病的潜在治疗方法。此外，我们还讨论了实施此类战略的未来机遇和挑战。