Extensive use of pyrethroid insecticides poses significant risks to both ecological ecosystems and human beings. Herein, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 exhibited exceptional degradation capabilities towards a range of pyrethroid family insecticides including etofenprox, bifenthrin, tetramethrin, D-cypermethrin, allethrin, and permethrin, with a degradation efficiency reaching over 84 % within 36 h (50 mg·L^-1). Strain PAO1 demonstrated effective soil bioremediation by removing etofenprox across different concentrations (25–100 mg·kg⁻¹), with a degradation efficiency over 77 % within 15 days. Additionally, 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that introduction of strain PAO1 and etofenprox had a notable impact on the soil microbial community. Strain PAO1 displayed a synergistic effect with local degrading bacteria or flora to degrade etofenprox. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl) propan-2-ol and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid as the major metabolites of etofenprox biodegradation. A new esterase gene (estA) containing conserved motif (GDSL) and catalytic triad (Ser38, Asp310 and His313) was cloned from strain PAO1. Enzyme activity and gene knockout experiments confirmed the pivotal role of estA in pyrethroid biodegradation. The findings from this study shed a new light on elucidating the degradation mechanism of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and present a useful agent for development of effective pyrethroid bioremediation strategies.

中文翻译：

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揭示铜绿假单胞菌对多种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的降解机制及其环境生物修复潜力


广泛使用拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对生态生态系统和人类都构成了重大风险。在此，铜绿假单胞菌 PAO1 对一系列拟除虫菊酯家族杀虫剂表现出优异的降解能力，包括依托芬普罗、联苯菊酯、四菊酯、D-氯氰菊酯、丙烯菊酯和氯菊酯，在 36 小时内降解效率达到 84% 以上（50 mg·^L-1）。菌株 PAO1 通过去除不同浓度 （25–100 mg·^kg-1） 的依托芬普罗克斯，在 15 天内降解效率超过 77%，表现出有效的土壤生物修复作用。此外，16S rDNA 高通量测序分析显示，菌株 PAO1 和 etofenprox 的引入对土壤微生物群落有显着影响。菌株 PAO1 与局部降解细菌或菌群表现出降解依托芬菌的协同作用。UPLC-MS/MS 分析确定 2-（4-乙氧基苯基）丙-2-醇和 3-苯氧基苯甲酸是 etofenprox 生物降解的主要代谢产物。从菌株 PAO1 中克隆了一个包含保守基序 （GDSL） 和催化三联体 （Ser38 、 Asp310 和 His313） 的新酯酶基因 （estA）。酶活性和基因敲除实验证实了 estA 在拟除虫菊酯生物降解中的关键作用。本研究的结果为阐明铜绿假单胞菌 PAO1 的降解机制提供了新的思路，并为开发有效的拟除虫菊酯生物修复策略提供了有用的试剂。