Nonconsensual distribution (NCD) of sexual images and videos is prevalent among emerging adults, frequently co-occurs with other types of violence and is associated with psychological distress. Due to its often-public nature, NCD has been theorized to have unique negative psychological effects on survivors. Yet, there is limited research that quantifies the comparative and combined psychological impact of NCD victimization with other forms of interpersonal violence (IPV; e.g., physical, sexual, psychological). Among an undergraduate sample, the present study compared posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms among victims of NCD ( n = 224) to a group who experienced past-year IPV, but not NCD ( n = 231). As NCD may occur within a broader pattern of violence, NCD victims were also separated into groups of those who experienced a combination of NCD and additional forms of IPV from the same perpetrator (“NCD-combined”; n = 183), and those who experienced only NCD from the perpetrator (“NCD-only”; n = 41), both of whom were compared to past-year IPV-only victims ( n = 231). Overall, 20.8% of participants reported NCD victimization, which was more common among women, bi/pansexual individuals, and either white or multiracial individuals. Consistent with hypotheses, NCD victims were over two times as likely to meet criteria for probable PTSD and depression than those who experienced past-year IPV only; further, victims in the NCD-combined group reported significantly higher PTSD and depressive symptoms than IPV-only victims and significantly higher PTSD symptoms than NCD-only victims. In a regression including IPV frequency, NCD remained uniquely associated with total PTSD symptoms, PTSD avoidance and mood/cognition subscales, and depressive symptoms. Implications for future research and practice are provided.

中文翻译：

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未经同意分发露骨性材料与人际暴力对心理困扰的比较和组合关联


未经同意传播性图像和视频 （NCD） 在新兴成年人中很普遍，经常与其他类型的暴力同时发生，并与心理困扰有关。由于其通常是公共性质，非传染性疾病理论上会对幸存者产生独特的负面心理影响。然而，量化非传染性疾病受害与其他形式的人际暴力 （IPV;例如身体、性、心理） 的比较和综合心理影响的研究有限。在本科样本中，本研究将 NCD 受害者 （n = 224） 的创伤后应激障碍 （PTSD） 和抑郁症状与过去一年经历过 IPV 但没有经历 NCD 的组 （n = 231） 进行了比较。由于非传染性疾病可能发生在更广泛的暴力模式中，非传染性疾病受害者也被分为几组，一组是经历过非传染性疾病和来自同一肇事者的其他形式的 IPV 组合（“非传染性疾病组合”;n = 183），以及那些仅经历过来自肇事者的非传染性疾病的人（“仅非传染性疾病”;n = 41），他们都与过去一年仅遭受 IPV 的受害者（n = 231）进行了比较。总体而言，20.8% 的参与者报告了 NCD 受害，这在女性、双性恋/泛性恋者以及白人或多种族个体中更为常见。与假设一致，非传染性疾病受害者满足可能的 PTSD 和抑郁症标准的可能性是仅经历过去一年 IPV 的人的两倍多;此外，NCD 联合组的受害者报告的 PTSD 和抑郁症状明显高于仅 IPV 的受害者，PTSD 症状明显高于仅 NCD 的受害者。在包括 IPV 频率的回归中，NCD 与总 PTSD 症状、PTSD 回避和情绪/认知分量表以及抑郁症状保持独特相关性。 对未来的研究和实践提供了启示。