Neuromodulation has been used in the treatment of various pelvic organ dysfunctions for almost 40 years and several placebo-controlled studies have confirmed its clinical effect. Many neuromodulation methods using different devices and stimulation parameters, targeting different neural structures have been introduced, but only a limited number have been adopted into routine clinical use. A substantial volume of basic research and clinical studies addressing specific effects of neuromodulation in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) have been published to date; however, their mechanistic implications have not been comprehensively summarized. Thus, our understanding of the mechanism of action of neuromodulation in OAB treatment is mainly based on postulated theories. Results from animal experiments suggest that different neuromodulation methods used to treat OAB share the same basic principles. The most likely explanation for the effect of neuromodulation in OAB therapy is the suppression of bladder afferent signalling, promotion of spinal guarding reflexes and modulation of non-specific supraspinal regulatory circuits.

近 40 年来，神经调控一直用于治疗各种盆腔器官功能障碍，几项安慰剂对照研究证实了其临床效果。已经引入了许多使用不同设备和刺激参数、针对不同神经结构的神经调控方法，但只有有限数量的方法被用于常规临床使用。迄今为止，已经发表了大量关于神经调控治疗膀胱过度活动症 （OAB） 的具体影响的基础研究和临床研究;然而，它们的机制含义尚未得到全面总结。因此，我们对 OAB 治疗中神经调控的作用机制的理解主要基于假设理论。动物实验结果表明，用于治疗 OAB 的不同神经调控方法具有相同的基本原理。OAB 治疗中神经调控效果的最可能解释是抑制膀胱传入信号、促进脊髓守卫反射和调节非特异性脊髓上调节回路。