The demand for new antibacterial therapies is urgent and crucial in the clinical setting because of the growing degree of antibiotic resistance and the limits of conventional antibacterial therapies. Stimuli- responsive nanoplatforms, are sensitive to endogenous or exogenous stimulus (pH, temperature, light, and magnetic fields, etc.) which activate cargo release locally and on-demand, hold great potential in developing next generation personalized precision medicine. For instance, pH-sensitive nanoplatforms can selectively release antibacterial agents in the acidic environment of infection sites. To achieve the stimuli-responsive delivery, mesoporous silica nanoplatforms (MSNs) have demonstrated as prospective candidates for efficient cargo loading and controlled release through strategies such as tunable pore engineering, versatile surface modification/coating, and tailored framework composition. Furthermore, aiming for more precise delivery of MSNs, current research interests are increasingly shifting from single-stimuli antibacterial strategy to integrated strategy that combine multiple-stimulus. In this review, we briefly discuss the microenvironment of bacterial infections and provide a comprehensive summary of current stimuli-responsive strategies, and associated materials design principles of stimuli-responsive mesoporous silica-based smart nanoplatforms (SRMSNs). Additionally, integrative antibacterial strategies with synergistic effects, combining chemodynamic, photodynamic, photothermal, sonodynamic and gas therapies, have also been elaborated. Present research advances and limitations of SRMSNs-based antibacterial therapies, such as limited biodegradability and potential cytotoxicity, have been overviewed with future outlooks presented. This review aims to inspire and guide future research in developing novel antibacterial strategies with integrative solutions.

中文翻译：

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用于智能抗菌疗法的刺激响应介孔二氧化硅纳米平台：从单一策略到联合策略


由于抗生素耐药性程度的日益提高和传统抗菌疗法的局限性，对新型抗菌疗法的需求在临床环境中是紧迫且至关重要的。刺激响应纳米平台对内源性或外源性刺激（pH、温度、光和磁场等）敏感，可在本地按需激活货物释放，在开发下一代个性化精准医疗方面具有巨大潜力。例如，对 pH 值敏感的纳米平台可以在感染部位的酸性环境中选择性地释放抗菌剂。为了实现刺激响应递送，介孔二氧化硅纳米平台 （MSN） 已被证明是通过可调孔工程、多功能表面改性/涂层和定制框架组合等策略实现高效货物加载和受控释放的潜在候选者。此外，为了实现更精确的 MSN 递送，当前的研究兴趣越来越多地从单一刺激抗菌策略转变为结合多重刺激的综合策略。在这篇综述中，我们简要讨论了细菌感染的微环境，并全面总结了当前的刺激响应策略，以及刺激响应介孔二氧化硅基智能纳米平台 （SRMSN） 的相关材料设计原则。此外，还制定了具有协同作用的综合抗菌策略，结合了化学动力学、光动力学、光热、声动力学和气体疗法。已经概述了基于 SRMSN 的抗菌疗法的当前研究进展和局限性，例如有限的生物降解性和潜在的细胞毒性，并展望了未来。 本综述旨在启发和指导未来的研究，以开发具有综合解决方案的新型抗菌策略。