Extract

Dyspnoea is defined as a symptom conveying an upsetting or distressing experience of breathing awareness, which can vary in quality (e.g. air hunger, increased work/effort of breathing, chest tightness) and intensity, leading to subsequent physiological and behavioural responses [1–3]. It is the cardinal symptom in widespread pulmonary and cardiac diseases, such as asthma [4], COPD [5] and heart failure [6], but is also prevalent in various other common conditions, including neuromuscular diseases, cancer and mental disorders, such as anxiety, panic and functional somatic syndromes [3, 7–10].

中文翻译：

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通过大脑缓解呼吸困难

 提取

呼吸困难被定义为一种症状，传达了呼吸意识的不安或痛苦体验，其质量（例如空气饥饿、呼吸功/力度增加、胸闷）和强度各不相同，导致随后的生理和行为反应 [1–3]。它是广泛肺部和心脏疾病的主要症状，如哮喘[4]、慢性阻塞性肺病[5]和心力衰竭[6]，但也普遍存在于其他各种常见疾病中，包括神经肌肉疾病、癌症和精神障碍，如焦虑、恐慌和功能性躯体综合征[3,7-10]。