Cognitive aging has become a public health concern as the mean age of the population is ever-increasing. It is a naturalistic and common process of degenerative and compensatory changes that may result in neurocognitive disorders. While heterogeneous, cognitive aging mostly affects executive functions that may be associated with functional losses during activities of daily living. Cognition-oriented treatments like cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have garnered considerable attention in the past few decades while the exact picture regarding their efficacy in healthy older adults has not been determined yet. The present paper aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3-month intervention of tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with multimodal cognitive training on the Stroop test and Trail Making Tests A and B performance. One hundred and ninety-three healthy older adults from 2 sites were administered repeated sessions of active/sham tDCS with cognitive training. Baseline, post-intervention, and 1-year performance results between groups were compared using multiple linear regressions. Active tDCS resulted in better Stroop test performance at post-intervention (p = 0.033) but not at 1-year follow-up while no differences between groups were observed in Trail Making Tests A & B performance. The present results may correspond to a modest improvement in conflict monitoring, potentially due to modulation of prefrontal regions, without changing shifting performance. Further investigation is warranted to draw an interference regarding the subdomain-specific impact of repeated tDCS with multimodal cognitive training on executive functions.

随着人口平均年龄的不断增加，认知衰老已成为一个公共卫生问题。这是一个自然而常见的退行性和代偿性变化过程，可能导致神经认知障碍。虽然存在异质性，但认知衰老主要影响执行功能，这可能与日常生活活动中的功能丧失有关。认知训练和经颅直流电刺激 （tDCS） 等以认知为导向的治疗在过去几十年中引起了相当大的关注，而它们对健康老年人的疗效的确切情况尚未确定。本文旨在评估 tDCS 对背外侧前额叶皮层 （DLPFC） 进行为期 3 个月的干预，并进行多模式认知训练对 Stroop 测试和 Trail Making 测试 A 和 B 表现的影响。来自 2 个地点的 193 名健康老年人接受了重复的主动/假 tDCS 和认知训练。使用多元线性回归比较组间的基线、干预后和 1 年性能结果。主动tDCS在干预后导致更好的Stroop测试性能（p = 0.033），但在1年随访中没有，而在Trail Making Tests A和B性能中没有观察到组间差异。目前的结果可能对应于冲突监测的适度改进，这可能是由于前额叶区域的调制，而不会改变转换性能。有必要进一步调查以干扰重复 tDCS 与多模式认知训练对执行功能的子域特异性影响。