The diversity of biotic and abiotic sounds that fill underwater ecosystems has become polluted by anthropogenic noise in recent decades. Yet, there is still great uncertainty surrounding how different acoustic stimuli influence marine and freshwater (i.e., aquatic) communities. Despite capabilities to detect and produce sounds, aquatic invertebrates are among the most understudied taxa within the field of soundscape ecology. We conducted a meta‐analysis to understand how sounds from various sources influence the behavior and physiology of aquatic invertebrates. We extracted 835 data points from 46 studies conducted in 15 countries. The resulting data included 50 species, a range of experimental conditions, and four sound categories: anthropogenic, environmental, synthetic, and music. We used meta‐analytic multivariate mixed‐effect models to determine how each sound category influenced aquatic invertebrates and if responses were homogeneous across taxa. Our analyses illustrate that anthropogenic noise and synthetic sounds have detrimental impacts on aquatic invertebrate behavior and physiology, and that environmental sounds have slightly beneficial effects on their behavior. Defence responses were the most impacted behaviors, while the most prominent physiological responses were related to biochemistry, genetics, and morphology. Additionally, arthropods and molluscs exhibited the most pronounced physiological responses to anthropogenic and synthetic noise. These findings support the conclusion that many invertebrate species are sensitive to changes in aquatic soundscapes, which can cause adverse or favorable consequences to individuals and populations, dependent on the sound source. This quantitative synthesis highlights the necessity of including marine and freshwater invertebrates in acoustic exposure studies, aquatic ecosystem assessments, and emerging noise pollution policies.

中文翻译：

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海洋和淡水声音影响无脊椎动物的行为和生理学：荟萃分析


近几十年来，水下生态系统中生物和非生物声音的多样性已经受到人为噪音的污染。然而，关于不同的声学刺激如何影响海洋和淡水（即水生）群落仍然存在很大的不确定性。尽管能够检测和产生声音，但水生无脊椎动物是声景生态学领域中研究最不足的分类群之一。我们进行了一项荟萃分析，以了解来自各种来源的声音如何影响水生无脊椎动物的行为和生理学。我们从 15 个国家进行的 46 项研究中提取了 835 个数据点。结果数据包括 50 个物种、一系列实验条件和四个声音类别：人为、环境、合成和音乐。我们使用荟萃分析多变量混合效应模型来确定每个声音类别如何影响水生无脊椎动物，以及不同分类群的反应是否同质。我们的分析表明，人为噪声和合成声音对水生无脊椎动物的行为和生理学有不利影响，而环境声音对它们的行为有轻微的有益影响。防御反应是受影响最大的行为，而最突出的生理反应与生物化学、遗传学和形态学有关。此外，节肢动物和软体动物对人为和合成噪音表现出最明显的生理反应。这些发现支持了这样一个结论，即许多无脊椎动物物种对水生声景的变化很敏感，这可能对个体和种群造成不利或有利的后果，具体取决于声源。 这种定量综合强调了将海洋和淡水无脊椎动物纳入声学暴露研究、水生生态系统评估和新兴噪音污染政策的必要性。