Harvesting continuously water wave energy for on-site power generation offers a promising solution to address the offshore energy shortage. However, challenges arise in ocean wave energy harvesting during low-level sea states. Here, we propose a spring-coupled enhanced hybrid nanogenerator (SC-EHG), wherein the synergistic effects of gravity and elastic force allow it to achieve remarkable power generation capacity under low-level excitation. At a frequency of 0.1 Hz, the SC-EHG becomes operational at a tilted angle of merely 2 °, with sensitivity and energy harvesting direction range improved by sixfold and threefold, respectively, in comparison to configurations lacking a spring coupler. In the real ocean, under wave conditions characterized by a significant frequency (f_s) of 0.31 Hz and a significant wave height (H_s) of 7.87 cm, the output frequency of the SC-EHG reaches up to 0.75 Hz, an effective increase of 2.41 times. At this point, the maximum transferred charge (1.43 μC) and maximum open-circuit voltage (422.6 V) of a TENG module approximate the output values recorded under laboratory wave conditions (f_s = 0.82 Hz, H_s = 6.17 cm). Under ocean wave conditions of f_s = 0.21 Hz and H_s = 4.52 cm, the SC-EHG successfully powered a marine sensing system, enabling 1024 m of long-distance wireless communication by charging a 30 mF capacitor to 8.35 V. The robust performance of the SC-EHG at low level sea states (≤ 1) offers significant support for the establishment of a sustainable marine Internet of Things.

中文翻译：

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具有弹簧耦合效应的增强型混合动力发电机，用于低品位水波能量收集


持续收集水波能用于现场发电为解决海上能源短缺提供了一个有前途的解决方案。然而，在低层海况下，海浪能量收集出现了挑战。在这里，我们提出了一种弹簧耦合增强型混合纳米发电机 （SC-EHG），其中重力和弹性力的协同作用使其能够在低水平激励下实现显着的发电能力。在 0.1 Hz 的频率下，SC-EHG 仅以 2° 的倾斜角运行，与没有弹簧耦合器的配置相比，灵敏度和能量收集方向范围分别提高了 6 倍和 3 倍。在真实海洋中，在以 0.31 Hz 的有效频率 （f_s） 和 7.87 cm 的有效波高 （H_s） 为特征的波浪条件下，SC-EHG 的输出频率高达 0.75 Hz，有效提高了 2.41 倍。此时，TENG 模块的最大转移电荷 （1.43 μC） 和最大开路电压 （422.6 V） 近似于在实验室波条件下记录的输出值（f_s = 0.82 Hz，H_s = 6.17 cm）。在 f_s = 0.21 Hz 和 H_s = 4.52 cm 的海浪条件下，SC-EHG 成功地为船舶传感系统供电，通过将 30 mF 电容器充电至 8.35 V，实现了 1024 m 的长距离无线通信。SC-EHG 在低空海况 （≤ 1） 的稳健性能为建立可持续的海洋物联网提供了重要支持。