As exceptional potential candidates for future-generation space photovoltaics, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been proven to be radiation-tolerant and recoverable under proton irradiation. Nevertheless, a key point, the influence of the atmosphere, has often been overlooked in ground-based irradiation experiments. Here, the atmosphere-dependent radiation tolerance and healing of perovskite materials under MeV proton irradiation are demonstrated by utilizing in situ electrical characterizations. Significant degradation is observed in the electrical properties after irradiation, which can hardly be recovered in vacuum but can quickly be recovered to approach the initial state in the presence of oxygen. The atmosphere-dependent behaviors are related to the proton-induced iodine vacancies in perovskites through in situ and ex situ characterizations. Ultimately, the underlying degradation and healing mechanisms are unraveled by using simulation. This work aims to provide a more comprehensive assessment of radiation tolerance of perovskites. These results are of great significance for designing and optimizing PSCs for future space applications including rapid screening, encapsulation, and radiation hardening.

中文翻译：

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揭示质子辐照下卤化物钙钛矿的降解和空气诱导愈合机制


钙钛矿太阳能电池 （PSC） 作为未来太空光伏的特殊潜在候选者，已被证明在质子辐照下具有耐辐射性和可回收性。然而，在地面辐照实验中，大气的影响这一关键点经常被忽视。在这里，利用原位电学表征证明了钙钛矿材料在 MeV 质子辐照下与大气相关的耐辐射性和愈合。辐照后观察到电性能显着退化，在真空中几乎无法恢复，但在氧气存在下可以迅速恢复以接近初始状态。大气依赖性行为通过原位和非原位表征与钙钛矿中质子诱导的碘空位有关。最终，通过使用模拟来解开潜在的退化和修复机制。这项工作旨在提供更全面的钙钛矿辐射耐受性评估。这些结果对于设计和优化未来空间应用（包括快速筛选、封装和辐射硬化）的 PSC 具有重要意义。