Liquid–liquid interfaces offer highly controlled, flexible, and adaptable platforms for precise molecular assemblies, enabling the construction of sophisticated functional materials. Interfacial assemblies of specific nanoparticles (NPs) and ligands can alter their physicochemical states under external stimuli, leading to macroscopic dynamic transformations at the interface. This Review summarizes and analyzes the recent advances of the assembly and disassembly behaviors of various stimuli-responsive nanoparticle surfactants (NPSs) at liquid–liquid interfaces, focusing on their responsive behaviors when exposed to external stimuli and the interaction forces between interfacial molecules. Additionally, we outline recent advancements in applications such as reconfigurable all-liquid devices, all-liquid 3D printing, and chemical reaction platforms. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future prospects for the development of applications in this rapidly evolving field.

中文翻译：

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纳米粒子稳定的刺激响应液-液界面的研究进展


液-液界面为精确的分子组装提供了高度可控、灵活且适应性强的平台，从而能够构建复杂的功能材料。特定纳米颗粒 （NPs） 和配体的界面组装体可以在外部刺激下改变其物理化学状态，从而导致界面处的宏观动态转变。本文总结和分析了各种刺激响应纳米粒子表面活性剂 （NPS） 在液-液界面上的组装和拆卸行为的最新进展，重点介绍了它们在暴露于外部刺激时的响应行为以及界面分子之间的相互作用力。此外，我们还概述了可重构全液体器件、全液 3D 打印和化学反应平台等应用的最新进展。最后，我们讨论了这个快速发展的领域中应用发展的当前挑战和未来前景。