Vaccination is a crucial way to combat the pandemic; in other words, vaccines play an important role in controlling the spread of the virus and ultimately ending the pandemic. This study presents a multi-objective mixed integer linear programming model for the vaccine supply chain considering uncertain cost, vaccine purchase, and lead time. Through the utilization of Internet of Things technology, data about various groups is collected. Upon identification of individuals with good health, the specific needs of each area are ascertained during each period. Subsequently, a mathematical model for the vaccine supply chain is presented, encompassing four distinct levels; manufacturers, distribution centers, health centers, and immunization centers. Furthermore, this model incorporates the utilization of drones to deliver vaccines from distribution centers to health centers because of the significant distance between these two levels. The proposed framework encompasses two main goals; minimizing the total cost and the waiting time for people in the queue. A novel fuzzy approach has been employed to deal with the uncertain parameters. The model’s validation is accomplished through the implementation of a real case study of COVID-19 in Iran. The findings indicate that the lack of Internet of Things technology implementation results in a higher number of individuals being directed to immunization centers, thereby elevating the likelihood of infection, and, this scenario leads to the unnecessary administration of vaccines, leading to resource wastage. Additionally, without using drones, vaccines cannot be delivered and injected into people on time. Ultimately, the proposed framework and methodology can be applied in almost larger dimensions and the results demonstrate the model and methods’ efficiency and effectiveness. Since this study is applied to the case study of COVID-19, the findings can be applied in the conditions of similar pandemics.

中文翻译：

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在不确定环境下，无人机技术及其在疫苗供应链上的作用及其在疫苗供应链中的应用：伊朗 COVID-19 的真实案例研究


疫苗接种是对抗大流行的重要方法;换句话说，疫苗在控制病毒传播并最终结束大流行方面发挥着重要作用。本研究提出了一种用于疫苗供应链的多目标混合整数线性规划模型，考虑了不确定的成本、疫苗购买和交货时间。通过利用物联网技术，收集有关各个群体的数据。在确定身体健康的个体后，确定每个时期每个地区的具体需求。随后，提出了疫苗供应链的数学模型，包括四个不同的层次;制造商、配送中心、健康中心和免疫中心。此外，由于这两个级别之间的距离很大，该模型结合了无人机将疫苗从配送中心运送到卫生中心。拟议的框架包括两个主要目标;最大限度地减少总成本和队列中人员的等待时间。已经采用了一种新的模糊方法来处理不确定的参数。该模型的验证是通过在伊朗实施 COVID-19 的真实案例研究来完成的。研究结果表明，缺乏物联网技术的实施导致更多的人被引导到免疫中心，从而提高感染的可能性，并且，这种情况导致不必要的疫苗管理，导致资源浪费。此外，如果不使用无人机，疫苗就无法按时运送和注射到人们体内。 最终，所提出的框架和方法可以应用于几乎更大的维度，结果证明了模型和方法的效率和有效性。由于这项研究适用于 COVID-19 的案例研究，因此研究结果可以应用于类似大流行病的情况。