Cyberhate, also known as hate speech, has emerged as a significant global concern. Existing research suggests that adolescents are primarily involved in cyberhate as bystanders, mainly unintentionally. However, there is growing evidence that some adolescents intentionally search for such content. Some indications suggest that actively searching for cyberhate may align more closely with sending it than mere exposure, hinting at a potentially risky behavior. Yet, the association between cyberhate searching and sending and the factors that may influence this relation has not been thoroughly explored. Therefore, the present study investigated (1) whether cyberhate searching is associated with sending and (2) whether the need for online popularity and toxic online disinhibition moderate this relation. The sample comprises 2,539 students (49.1 percent boys, 49.2 percent girls, and 1.7 percent others) aged 11-18 years (M = 14.07, SD = 1.39) from 18 middle and high schools in Spain. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess cyberhate searching and sending, the need for online popularity, and toxic online disinhibition. Results indicated that cyberhate searching is positively associated with sending. Likewise, the high need for online popularity and toxic online disinhibition have strengthened this relation. These findings suggest that searching for cyberhate constitutes a risky behavior and highlight the importance of addressing the need for online popularity and toxic online disinhibition in cyberhate prevention programs.

中文翻译：

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搜索和发送网络仇恨之间的关联：在线流行需求和有毒在线去抑制的调节作用。


网络仇恨，也称为仇恨言论，已成为一个重大的全球问题。现有研究表明，青少年主要作为旁观者参与网络仇恨，主要是无意的。然而，越来越多的证据表明，一些青少年有意搜索此类内容。一些迹象表明，主动搜索网络仇恨可能与发送网络仇恨更密切相关，而不仅仅是暴露，暗示存在潜在的风险行为。然而，网络仇恨搜索和发送之间的关联以及可能影响这种关系的因素尚未得到彻底探索。因此，本研究调查了 （1） 网络仇恨搜索是否与发送有关，以及 （2） 对在线流行和有毒在线去抑制的需求是否缓和了这种关系。样本包括来自西班牙 18 所初中和高中 2,539 名年龄在 11-18 岁（M = 14.07，SD = 1.39）之间的 11-18 岁学生（49.1% 为男生，49.2% 为女生，1.7% 为其他）。进行了自我报告问卷调查，以评估网络仇恨搜索和发送、在线流行的需求以及有毒的在线去抑制。结果表明，网络仇恨搜索与发送呈正相关。同样，对在线流行的高需求和有毒的在线去抑制加强了这种关系。这些发现表明，搜索网络仇恨构成一种冒险行为，并强调了在网络仇恨预防计划中解决在线流行和有毒在线去抑制需求的重要性。