AimTo characterize the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) and explore their proteomic cargo in healthy pregnant women compared to those with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and periodontitis.MethodsOne‐hundred and four pregnant women were recruited at 24–30 gestation weeks. GDM was diagnosed by an oral glucose tolerance test. GCF and plasma samples were obtained to isolate EVs and characterized by nanoparticle tracking, immunoassays, electron microscopy and mass spectrometry.ResultsOf the recruits,17.3% women were healthy, 50% had periodontitis and 32.7% had both GDM and periodontitis. Probing depth, clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing were more severe in GDM and periodontitis pregnancies (p < 0.0001). Additionally, this group showed an increase concentration of total, small and large GCF‐EVs (p = 0.0015, p = 0.0011 and p = 0.0008, respectively), with decreased expression of CD9, CD81 and CD81/CD63 ratio (p = 0.0461, p = 0.0164 and p = 0.0005, respectively). No differences were observed in plasmatic EVs concentration or markers expression. Proteomic analysis of GCF‐EVs showed peptides of both host and bacterial origin. Gene ontology analysis revealed that proteins of GCF‐EVs participate in immune inflammatory responses, glucose metabolism and insulin response mechanisms.ConclusionGCF‐EVs were increased in both GDM and periodontitis, and their proteomic cargo suggest their involvement in immune inflammatory response, glucose metabolism and insulin pathways during pregnancy.

中文翻译：

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牙周炎和妊娠糖尿病中牙龈沟细胞外囊泡的蛋白质组学见解：一项探索性研究


目的 表征健康孕妇的牙龈沟液 （GCF） 和血浆细胞外囊泡 （EV），并探索它们与妊娠糖尿病 （GDM） 和牙周炎患者相比的蛋白质组学货物。方法在妊娠 24-30 周招募 104 名孕妇。GDM 通过口服葡萄糖耐量试验诊断。获得 GCF 和血浆样品以分离 EV，并通过纳米颗粒示踪、免疫测定、电子显微镜和质谱进行表征。结果新招募者中，17.3% 的女性身体健康，50% 患有牙周炎，32.7% 同时患有 GDM 和牙周炎。GDM 和牙周炎妊娠的探诊深度、临床附着丢失和探诊出血更为严重 （p < 0.0001）。此外，该组显示总、小和大 GCF-EVs 的浓度增加 （分别为 p = 0.0015、p = 0.0011 和 p = 0.0008），CD9、CD81 和 CD81/CD63 比值的表达降低 （p = 0.0461，p = 0.0164 和 p = 0.0005，分别为）。在血浆 EVs 浓度或标志物表达方面未观察到差异。GCF-EVs 的蛋白质组学分析显示宿主和细菌来源的肽。基因本体分析显示，GCF-EVs 蛋白参与免疫炎症反应、葡萄糖代谢和胰岛素反应机制。结论GCF-EVs 在 GDM 和牙周炎中均升高，其蛋白质组学转运表明它们参与妊娠期免疫炎症反应、葡萄糖代谢和胰岛素途径。