To review the theoretical basis and therapeutic effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in various diseases in animal experiments and clinical studies, as well as the limitations and current standards of FMT application. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published only in English between 1975 and 2023 on reliable results of animal experiments and clinical treatment of FMT. The properties of the gut microbiota and its interactions with the host metabolism are critical to human health, and microbiome disturbance is closely associated with human intestinal and extra‐intestinal diseases. Therefore, therapeutic tools targeting on the modulation of gut microbiota have attracted increasing attention, among which FMT represents the most widely studied intervention strategy. This review gathered and summarized application of FMT in intestinal diseases, metabolic diseases, hypertension, cancer, nervous system diseases and arthritis, and elaborated the beneficial effects that can be achieved by altering the microbiota with FMT and the mechanisms of action. In addition, the potential risks and side effects of FMT approach are discussed, as well as current efforts to standardize the development of FMT. Through a systemic review of the outcome and mechanism of FMT in the treatment of intestinal diseases and extra‐intestinal diseases, we aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the construction of an optimized FMT framework, so as to better exert its application prospects.

中文翻译：

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粪便菌群移植治疗肠道及肠外疾病的机制基础、临床应用及潜在前景


在动物实验和临床研究中，综述粪便微生物群移植 （FMT） 在各种疾病中的理论基础和治疗效果，以及 FMT 应用的局限性和现行标准。检索 PubMed 和 Web of Science 数据库，查找 1975 年至 2023 年间仅以英文发表的关于 FMT 动物实验和临床治疗的可靠结果的文章。肠道微生物群的特性及其与宿主代谢的相互作用对人类健康至关重要，微生物组紊乱与人类肠道和肠道外疾病密切相关。因此，针对肠道菌群调节的治疗工具越来越受到关注，其中 FMT 是研究最广泛的干预策略。本文收集并总结了 FMT 在肠道疾病、代谢性疾病、高血压、癌症、神经系统疾病和关节炎中的应用，并阐述了 FMT 改变微生物群可以达到的有益效果和作用机制。此外，还讨论了 FMT 方法的潜在风险和副作用，以及当前标准化 FMT 开发的努力。通过系统综述 FMT 治疗肠道疾病和肠外疾病的结局和机制，旨在为构建优化的 FMT 框架提供理论依据，以更好地发挥其应用前景。