The aim of this study was to compare genetic gain and rate of inbreeding for different mass selection breeding programs with the aim of increasing larval body weight (LBW) in black soldier flies. The breeding programs differed in: (1) sampling of individuals for phenotyping (either random over the whole population or a fixed number per full sib family), (2) selection of adult flies for breeding (based on an adult individual’s phenotype for LBW or random from larvae preselected based on LBW), and (3) mating strategy (mating in a group with unequal male contributions or controlled between two females and one male). In addition, the numbers of phenotyped and preselected larvae were varied. The sex of an individual was unknown during preselection and females had higher LBW, resulting in more females being preselected. Selecting adult flies based on their phenotype for LBW increased genetic gain by 0.06 genetic standard deviation units compared to randomly selecting from the preselected larvae. Fixing the number of phenotyped larvae per family increased the rate of inbreeding by 0.15 to 0.20% per generation. Controlled mating compared to group mating decreased the rate of inbreeding by 0.02 to 0.03% per generation. Phenotyping more than 4000 larvae resulted in a lack of preselected males due to the sexual dimorphism. Preselecting both too few and too many larvae could negatively impact genetic gain, depending on the breeding program. A mass selection breeding programs in which the adult fly is selected based on their larval phenotype, breeding animals mate in a group and sampling larvae for phenotyping at random over the whole population is recommended for black soldier flies, considering the positive effect on rates of genetic gain and inbreeding. The number of phenotyped and preselected larvae should be calculated based on the expected female weight deviation to ensure sufficient male and female candidates are selected.

中文翻译：

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表型分析、成虫选择和交配策略对黑水虻繁殖计划中遗传增益和近亲繁殖率的影响


本研究的目的是比较不同质量选择育种计划的遗传增益和近亲繁殖率，目的是增加黑水虻的幼虫体重 （LBW）。繁殖计划的不同之处在于：（1） 对个体进行表型分析（在整个种群中随机或每个完整同胞家庭的固定数量），（2） 选择成蝇进行繁殖（基于成年个体的 LBW 表型或根据 LBW 预先选择的幼虫中的随机），以及 （3） 交配策略（在雄性贡献不相等的群体中交配或在两只雌性和一只雄性之间控制）。此外，表型和预选幼虫的数量各不相同。在预选期间，个体的性别是未知的，雌性具有较高的 LBW，导致更多的雌性被预选。与从预选幼虫中随机选择相比，根据 LBW 表型选择成蝇将遗传增益增加了 0.06 个遗传标准差单位。固定每个家系的表型幼虫数量使每代近亲繁殖率增加 0.15% 至 0.20%。与群体交配相比，受控交配使每代近亲繁殖率降低了 0.02% 至 0.03%。由于性二态性，对 4000 多只幼虫进行表型分析导致缺乏预选的雄性。根据育种计划，预先选择太少和太多的幼虫都会对遗传增益产生负面影响。考虑到对遗传增益和近亲繁殖率的积极影响，建议对黑水虻进行大规模选择育种计划，其中根据幼虫的幼虫表型选择成年果蝇，繁殖动物在一组中交配并在整个种群中随机取样进行表型分析。 应根据预期的雌性体重偏差计算表型和预选幼虫的数量，以确保选择足够的雄性和雌性候选者。